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CAPS 301 T1 > CNS Facts > Flashcards

CNS Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the Lower Motor Neuron go?

A

Out of the spinal cord (immediately)

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2
Q

Effect of lesion in frontal association areas

A

Personality change, difficulty planning & interacting (ex: Phineas Gage)

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3
Q

Where does the primary axon for pain/temperature go?

A

Into spinal cord posterior horn & up 1-2 vertebrae

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3
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron for pain/temperature synapse?

A

In the thalamus

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3
Q

Similarities between pathways for pain/temperature & discriminative touch

A

-1° neuron enters spinal cord posterior horn -ascends (some distance) ipsilaterally -synapses to 2nd order neuron -2nd order neuron crosses midline -ascends contralaterally to thalamus -synapses to 3rd order neuron -projects to primary (somato)sensory cortex

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3
Q

Effect of lesion in primary motor cortex

A

Paralysis (opposite side of body)

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4
Q

Function of CNS

A

saliency filter before processing for higher cognitive function

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5
Q

Name 4 important components of basal ganglia & pathway(s) they’re involved in

A
  • Caudate (direct) - Putamen (direct) - Subthalamic nucleus (indirect) - GP(i) (direct AND indirect)
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6
Q

Dopamine mechanism

A

Released by reticular formation Increase arousal & rewarding behaviours Increase motivation & rewards

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7
Q

Location in spinal cord of nerves controlling proximal (core) muscles

A

medial side of anterior horn

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7
Q

Spinocerebellar loop (describe)

A
  • proprioceptive info up spinocerebellar tracts - info to all structures involved with movement INCLUDES: - thalamus -> motor cortex -> spinal cord -> limb movement - spinal cord (direct) -> trunk movement
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7
Q

Mechanism of reticular formation action

A

Receive sensory stimuli, pass on to thalamus & hypothalamus, use different neurotransmitters for different responses (Part of ARAS - ascending reticular activating system)

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8
Q

Effect of lesion affecting serotonin production

A

Insomnia, anxiety, aggression

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10
Q

Location of primary visual cortex

A

very back of occipital lobe

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10
Q

Pigment epithelium function & location

A

Beneath rods & cones; black to absorb excess light & prevent interference

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11
Q

Location of primary sensory cortex

A

directly posterior to central sulcus

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11
Q

Proprioception: conscious or non-conscious?

A

may be either

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12
Q

Spinocerebellar loop purpose

A

QUALITY CONTROL of movement (feedback from limbs used to adjust signal to core & trunk)

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13
Q

Enteroception: conscious or non-conscious

A

usually non-conscious

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14
Q

Which part of the brain does visual recognition?

A

Ventral stream

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14
Q

Cerebrocerebellar loop purpose

A

FINE MOTOR CONTROL

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15
Q

Basal Ganglia function

A

Broadly influence cortex (via thalamus excitation/inhibition, modifying ongoing AP firing) to modulate voluntary movement Integrate signals

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15
Q

Effect of lesion in Broca’s area

A

Broca’s aphasia: non-fluent speech & poor syntax/grammar (comprehension intact)

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16
Q

What is in the inner segment of a rod/cone cell?

A

Cell body with lots of mitochondria

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16
Q

Function: indirect pathway of basal ganglia

A

Prevent extraneous movement (decrease motor output)

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17
Q

of parallel circuits in Basal Ganglia & names

A

3: - motor - associative - limbic

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17
Q

Role of prefrontal cortex in consciousness

A

Consider future, behavioural appropriateness, concentration Has executive control of consciousness

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17
Q

Fact: unlike the cerebellum, the cortex is wired differently for different functions

A

(Fact)

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17
Q

Effect of lesion in parietal association areas (right side)

A

Left-side spatial neglect: don’t process objects in left half of visual field

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18
Q

General basal ganglia pathway

A

Cortex Basal Ganglia (by one of the circuits) Thalamus Cortex Behaviour

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18
Q

Role of temporal association areas

A

RECOGNITION of stimuli & patterns (incl. speech, in Wernicke’s area)

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19
Q

Function: cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

A

complex movement coordination, extremity & eye movement, speech

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19
Q

Location of thalamic reticular nucleus

A

outer edge of thalamus

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19
Q

Norepinephrine mechanism

A

Released by reticular formation Thalamus: increase arousal, wakefulness, attention Increase focus

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20
Q

Where does the primary axon for discriminative touch go?

A

Into spinal cord posterior horn & ascends IPSILATERALLY to the medulla

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22
Q

Where in the brain do the fovea project to?

A

BOTH left & right sides

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22
Q

Vestibulocerebellar loop (describe)

A
  • balance info from vestibular apparatus - to vestibular nuclei (in brainstem) - to spinal cord for motion, AND - to cerebellum for feedback through reticular formation to spinal cord, back to vestibular nuclei
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23
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron for discriminative touch go?

A

Crosses midline, ascends rest of brain stem antero- (contra-)laterally to thalamus

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24
Q

Sight transduction mechanism for in-light (8 steps)

A
  • Photon excites rhodopsin/iodopsin - G-protein-mediated pathway - CLOSE Na+ channels - HYPERPOLARIZE - Decrease Glutamate release onto bipolar cells - Stimulate ON bipolar cells/hyperpolarize OFF bipolar cells - Stimulate ON/inhibit OFF ganglion cells - ON ganglion cell fires (more) APs, OFF does opposite
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26
Q

Location of primary auditory cortex

A

directly below central sulcus

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27
Q

Location of Wernicke’s area

A

At intersection of parietal and temporal lobes

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28
Q

Light-sensitive compound in rod cells

A

rhodopsin

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28
Q

Location: spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)

A

vermis & anterior lobe

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28
Q

Body parts’ spatial representation in the primary sensory cortex is …

A

proportional to functionality (same as 1° motor cortex)

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29
Q

Rod cell location in retina

A

Primarily in periphery

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30
Q

Differences between pathways for pain/temperature & discriminative touch

A

Pain/temperature: 1° neuron synapses after travelling up 1-2 vertebrae (signal goes most of the way CONTRAlaterally) Discriminative touch: 1° neuron doesn’t synapse until it reaches the medulla (signal goes most of the way IPSIlaterally)

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31
Q

Location: Primary sensory cortex

A

Immediately posterior to central sulcus

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32
Q

Function: spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)

A

synergistic extremity movement

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32
Q

Brain structure primarily involved with state of consciousness

A

Thalamus

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32
Q

Role of frontal association areas

A
  • SOCIAL interactions & “humanity” (e.g. innate morality, planning, etc.) - interact with all other parts of brain - uses all hormones involved with consciousness
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33
Q

(Fact) Brain structures involved with consciousness are involved in reciprocal communication

A

(Fact)

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33
Q

Function: Broca’s area

A

(motor) production of language (use of symbols for concepts)

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35
Q

Cornea function

A

Refraction

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36
Q

Name the three most important primary cortices

A

motor, sensory, visual (also have olfactory, gustatory, auditory)

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37
Q

Histamine mechanism

A

Released by reticular formation Increase wakefulness Increase level of consciousness

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39
Q

Cone cell location in retina

A

Primarily in/around fovea

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40
Q

Ganglion cell function & location

A

Synthesize signal from layer below (bipolar cells) & pass on to optic nerve

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41
Q

Bipolar cell function & location

A

Synthesize signal from layer below & pass on; between rods/cones & ganglion cells

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43
Q

Where does the 3rd order neuron for discriminative touch go?

A

To the primary (somato)sensory cortex

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44
Q

Optic nerve function

A

Location of nerve & artery entry into eyeball; creates blind spot (no rods/cones)

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44
Q

Brain structure primarily involved with content of consciousness

A

Cerebral cortex (esp: PREFRONTAL cortex, parietal cortex)

45
Q

Effect of lesion in motor association cortex

A

apraxia: clumsiness (bad input to basal ganglia results in bad output to 1° motor cortex)

47
Q

Where does the primary axon for discriminative touch synapse?

A

In the medulla

48
Q

Role of parietal association areas

A
  • ATTENTION & awareness, directing focus to most salient somatic/auditory/visual input - may be directed by/direct pre-frontal cortex - right side processes spatial awareness, left side processes temporal awareness
49
Q

Where do optic nerves synapse?

A

Thalamus LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus)

49
Q

Reason for chronic inhibition of thalamus by basal ganglia

A

Prevents unnecessary movement, resulting in efficient, targeted motion

50
Q

Effect of lesion affecting dopamine production

A

Indecision, inattention

51
Q

Cone cell location

A

On top of pigment epithelium

52
Q

Cerebrocerebellar loop (describe)

A
  1. cortex -> pons -> cerebellum -> (feedback) cortex via thalamus (& red nucleus, sometimes) 2. cortex -> UMN (cross midline)-> LMN for movement
53
Q

Function of Motor circuit in basal ganglia

A

Promote measured, coordinated body & eye movement

55
Q

Horizontal cell function & location

A

Horizontal signal integrator (temporal & spatial), help get next layer of cells to threshold; link rods/cones & bipolar cells

55
Q

Areas where language is processed:

A

Broca’s, Wernicke’s (& Arcuate fasciculus)

56
Q

Discuss the mechanism for head and neck movement to maintain visual focus.

A
  • Sight maps to superior colliculus (past lateral geniculate nucleus) - Tectospinal tract originates in & crosses midline in brainstem - Nerves descend contralaterally to move head & neck
57
Q

Effect of lesion in temporal association areas

A

Agnosia: inability to recognize

58
Q

Function: Subthalamic nucleus

A

Basal ganglia indirect pathway: when excited, stimulate GP(i)

59
Q

Location of primary motor cortex

A

directly anterior to central sulcus

59
Q

Role of thalamus in consciousness

A

Modulates responsiveness by adjusting what does/doesn’t reach cortex: prioritizes, discriminates & relays

60
Q

Location: cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

A

posterior lobe

61
Q

Rod cell location

A

On top of pigment epithelium

62
Q

Role of thalamic reticular nucleus (input, output & function)

A

Input: ARAS Output: to rest of thalamus, cortex, ARAS Function: coordinate 40Hz signal to cortex for consciousness

64
Q

Cerebellum lobe size increases with…

A

function & complexity

65
Q

Body parts’ spatial representation in the primary motor cortex is…

A

proportional to functionality (same as 1° sensory cortex)

66
Q

Lens function

A

Change shape to aid cornea with refraction, invert image

66
Q

Location: primary motor cortex

A

immediately anterior to central sulcus

67
Q

Brain structure primarily involved with modulating level of consciousness

A

Brainstem

68
Q

What is in the outer segment of a rod/cone cell?

A

Rod/Cone portion; contain disks of light-sensitive compounds

69
Q

Function: direct pathway of basal ganglia

A

Promote targeted, efficient movement (increase motor output)

71
Q

Mechanism: indirect pathway of basal ganglia

A
  • Subthalamic nucleus (basal ganglia component) stimulates GP(i) (basal ganglia component) - Increase thalamic inhibition - Decrease cortical excitation - Decrease motor output
72
Q

Exteroception: where are receptors?

A

many in skin

72
Q

Location of Broca’s area

A

in frontal lobe

73
Q

Discuss the mechanism for balance compensation.

A
  • Vestibulospinal tract descends ipsilaterally - Innervates core on same side - Innervates flexors/extensors of limbs on opposite side (crosses midline at level of synapse)
74
Q

Role of cortex in consciousness

A

Ascribe meaning & significance (what to do)

76
Q

Rod cell function

A

Detect motion, low acuity; function in very low-light settings (e.g. dusk/night) because very sensitive

77
Q

Which part of the brain does spatial vision?

A

Dorsal stream

79
Q

Limbic circuit pathway (basal ganglia)

A

Emotional processing areas Basal Ganglia Thalamus Cortex –> Motion for emotion

81
Q

Function of thalamus

A

gatekeeper to consciousness

83
Q

Targets of proprioceptive information

A
  • cortex (conscious, travels w/discriminative touch) - cerebellum (unconscious corrections, travels up spinocerebellar tract WITHOUT EVER CROSSING THE MIDLINE - only ipsilateral)
85
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron for discriminative touch synapse?

A

In the thalamus

86
Q

Effect of lesion in primary sensory cortex

A

poor localization of stimuli (not total loss of function as in paralysis)

87
Q

2 components of pain/temperature signal

A

Localization (1° sensory cortex) “Ouch” (Limbic system, association cortices)

88
Q

Acetylcholine mechanism (w.r.t. consciousness)

A

Released by reticular formation Activates thalamus, increasing arousal

89
Q

Location: vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)

A

flocculonodular lobe & vermis

90
Q

How does cross-body visual control work? (what projects where?)

A

Left hemisphere: right half of visual field, left-side fibers from each optic nerve Right hemisphere: left half of visual field, right-side fibers from each optic nerve

92
Q

Where do optic fibers cross?

A

Optic chiasm

95
Q

Location of anterior lobe of cerebellum

A

front-top

96
Q

Reticular formation function

A

Use different neurotransmitters to influence level of consciousness and cerebral output to spinal cord

97
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron go?

A
  • Descends ipsilaterally through cortex, midbrain, pons, medulla - Crosses midline in caudal medulla if part of lateral corticospinal tract - Travels down anterior horn of lateral column of spinal cord
99
Q

of functional regions in cerebellum, and names

A

3 (in order of development): - vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum) - spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum) - cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

101
Q

Light-sensitive compound in cone cells

A

iodopsin (3 kinds: R, G, B)

102
Q

Motor circuit pathway (basal ganglia)

A

Motor/Sensory cortices Basal ganglia Thalamus 1° motor cortex –> Muscle Movement

104
Q

Where is motor control located in the brain?

A

1° motor cortex (entire body mapped to here)

105
Q

Location in spinal cord of nerves controlling distal (limb) muscles

A

lateral side of anterior horn

106
Q

Effect of lesion in arcuate fasciculus

A

Conduction aphasia: inability to repeat back words (language comprehension & production individually intact)

107
Q

Where does the 3rd order neuron for pain/temperature go?

A

To the primary (somato)sensory cortex

107
Q

Location of flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum

A

front middle: 2 flocculi, 1 on either side, and 1 nodule in center, below peduncles

108
Q

Serotonin mechanism

A

Released by reticular formation Promotes quiet, wakefull state Feel settled, content, well

109
Q

Location: primary visual cortex

A

Very back of occipital lobe

110
Q

Amacrine cell function & location

A

Horizontal signal integrator (temporal & spatial), help get next layer of cells to threshold; link bipolar cells & ganglion cells

111
Q

Function: direct & indirect pathways of basal ganglia, in concert

A

Streamline movement by balancing each other out

113
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron synapse, and to what?

A

In the anterior horn of the spinal cord, to the Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)?

115
Q

Discuss the mechanism for changing muscle tone.

A
  • Reticular formation (in brain stem) integrates signals to determine necessary muscle tone - Controls other regions of brain stem - Lateral & medial vestibulospinal tract, & reticulospinal tract descend ipsilaterally - Cross midline at level of synapse
116
Q

Function of associative circuit in basal ganglia

A

control cognition, as relates to motion - learn what does and doesn’t lead to goal (role decreases as learning progresses)

118
Q

Location of association cortices

A

all of brain except for primary cortical areas

119
Q

Function of limbic circuit in basal ganglia

A

For movement: EMOTION (facial expression, posture, etc.) & MOTIVATION (decision whether, where to move)

120
Q

What is the first neuron in the transmission pathway for the motor system?

A

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)

121
Q

Effect of lesion affecting norephinephrine production

A

Low levels of arousal

122
Q

Effect of lesion in Wernicke’s area

A

Wernicke’s aphasia: non-sensical speech, made-up words, difficulty in comprehension (fluency, syntax, grammar, word structure intact)

124
Q

Function: vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)

A

trunk control

126
Q

Function: Caudate & Putamen

A

Basal ganglia direct pathway: when excited, inhibit GP(i)

128
Q

of lobes in cerebellum, and names

A

3: - anterior - posterior - flocculonodular

130
Q

Cerebellum function (general)

A

Modulate/adjust firing of Upper Motor Neurons based on internal & external factors

131
Q

Location of posterior lobe of cerebellum

A

middle/back-top, front-bottom

132
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

control movement by controlling cortical output

133
Q

Mechanism: direct pathway of basal ganglia

A
  • Cortex excites caudate & putamen (basal ganglia components) - inhibit GP(i) (basal ganglia component) - decrease thalamic inhibition - increase cortical excitation - increase motor output
134
Q

Thalamus is under _______ _______ by the basal ganglia

A

chronic inhibition (release-inhibition model: incr/decr inhibition to modulate movement)

135
Q

Function of limbic system

A

Emotion & saliency filtering

136
Q

spinal tracts most be coordinated so that core movement compensates for limb movement on the opposite side of the body (fact)

A

(fact)

137
Q

Motor system function

A

Control limb movement, posture, core, balance, etc.

138
Q

Where do enteroceptive signals go?

A

cerebellum

139
Q

Function: Wernicke’s area

A

(sensory) language comprehension

140
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron for pain/temperature go?

A

Crosses midline, ascends in antero- (contra-)lateral system to brain stem (modulation), to thalamus

142
Q

Effect of lesion affecting histamine production

A

Drawsiness

143
Q

Associative Circuit pathway (basal ganglia)

A

Frontal/temporal lobe Basal Ganglia (Spinal cord, if necessary) Thalamus Cortex (FEEDBACK) –> Learning

144
Q

Cone cell function

A

Detect colours, provide high visual acuity; require large amounts of light

145
Q

Function: GP(i)

A

Basal ganglia pathways: when excited (indirect), increase thalamus inhibition; when inhibited (direct), decrease thalamus inhibition

146
Q

Organization of primary sensory cortex

A

Strips parallel to central sulcus are linked to different types of receptor (e.g. muscle, skin, joints; rapidly-, slowly-adapting)

147
Q

Where does the primary axon for pain/temperature synapse?

A

1-2 vertebrae above where it enters the spinal cord

148
Q

Vestibulocerebellar loop purpose

A

BALANCE (stabilize trunk, stabilize image on fovea)

149
Q

Effect of lesion in sensory association cortex

A

Tactile agnosia - can’t make sense of stimuli Astereognosis - can’t identify objects in hand

150
Q

Effect of lesions in basal ganglia

A

Inhibit desired motor output (affecting direct pathway) or prevent suppression of superfluous movement (affecting indirect pathway)

CAPS 301 T1 (10 decks)

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