CNS

Question 0

Presents as dementia

Answer 0

Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo

Question 1

Sunset eyes

Answer 1

Hydrocephalus

Question 2

3 types of Herniation Syndromes

Answer 2

Subfalcine (Cingulate)
Transtentorial
Tonsillar

Question 3

Kernohan’s notch

Duret Hemorrhages

Answer 3

Transtentorial Herniation

Question 4

Most deadly herniation

Answer 4

Tonsillar Herniation

Question 5

Which CN is compressed in Transtentorial Herniation?

Answer 5

CN III

Question 6

Contralateral cerebral peduncle compression resulting in hemiparesis ipsilateral to the side of the herniation

Answer 6

Kernohan’s notch

Question 7

Hemorrhagic lesions in midbrain and pons

Answer 7

Duret hemorrhages

Question 8

Subfalcine Herniation may lead to compression or branches of what artery?

Answer 8

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Question 9

What gyrus will be displaced under the falx cerebri in Subfalcine Herniation?

Answer 9

Cingulate Gyrus

Question 10

Kernohan’s notch
Duret Hemorrhaged
Medial temporal lobe is compressed

Answer 10

Transtentorial Herniation

Question 11

Life threatening herniation because it compresses the brainstem

Answer 11

Tonsillar Herniation

Question 12

Tonsillat herniation displaces the cerebellar tonsils through?

Answer 12

the Foramen Magnum

Question 13

Diverticulum of malformed CNS tissue extending through a defect in the cranium

Answer 13

Encephalocele

Question 14

Failure of closure of the posterior neuropore

Answer 14

Spinal Dysraphism or Spina Bifida

Question 15

Asymptomatic bony defect in the spinal vertebrae

Answer 15

Spina bifida Occulta

Question 16

Extension of CNS tissue through a defect in the vertebral column

Answer 16

Myelomeningocele

Question 17

Meningeal extrusion through a defect in the vertebral column

Answer 17

Meningocele

Question 18

Failure of closure of the anterior neuropore

Answer 18

Anencephaly

Question 19

Give 2 posterior fossa anomalies

Answer 19

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Question 20

Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis
Cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle
Non-communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 20

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Question 21

Downward extension of the cerebellar vermis through the foramen magnum

• Hydrocephalus
• Lumbar Myelomeningocele

Answer 21

Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type I

Question 22

Low-Lying Cerebellar tonsils that extend down into the vertebral canal

Answer 22

Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type II

Question 23

Formation of a fluid filled cleftlike cavity in the inner portion of the cord
- May extend into the brainstem (Syringobulbia)

Answer 23

Syringomyelia

Question 24

What are the 4 grade in terms of severity of Intraventricular Hemorrhage?

Answer 24

Grade I: germinal matrix Grade II: Inside the ventricles Grade III: ventricular enlargement Grade IV: intraparenchymal

Question 25

Thinning out of gyri due to cortical ischemia

Answer 25

Ulegyria

Question 26

Marbolization of deep nuclei due to ischemia and gliosis

Answer 26

Status Marmoratus

Question 27

These are old traumatic lesions with depressed, retracted, yellowish brown patched involving the crests of gyri

Answer 27

Plaque of Jaune

Question 28

Red Neuron Reactive Gliosis Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 28

White infarcts

Question 29

Parallel white infarcts but with extravasation and resorption of blood

Answer 29

Red Infarcts

Question 30

Vascular Dementia | Binswanger Syndrome

Answer 30

Hypertensive CVD

Question 31

Preferential involvement of large areas of the subcortical white matter with myelin and axon loss

Answer 31

Binswanger Syndrome

Question 32

2 most common causes of Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage

Answer 32

Hypertension | Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Question 33

Minute microaneurysms in the basal ganglia

Answer 33

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm

Question 34

Chronic meningitis involving the base of the brain Heubner arteritis Gummas

Answer 34

Meningovascular Neurosyphilis

Question 35

General Paresis of the Insane Dementia Paralytica Progressiv mental deficits asso with mood and severe dementia

Answer 35

Paretic Neurosyphilis

Question 36

Charcot joints Lightning pains Argyll-Robertson Pupil Damaged dorsal columns leading to impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia

Answer 36

Tabes Dorsalis

Question 37

Acute, hemorrhagic, necrotizing encephalitis of the temporal lobes and orbital gyri Cowdry Type A

Answer 37

Herpes Encephalitis

Question 38

Subacute Hemorrhagic encephalitis asso with inclusion-bearing cells (Owl's Eye inclusions)

Answer 38

CMV Encephalitis

Question 39

Most common area of the brain affected by CMV Enceph

Answer 39

Paraventricular Subependymal Regions

Question 40

Most common demyelinating disease | Antibodies against Myelin basic protein in Oligodendrocytes

Answer 40

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 41

Clinical feature of Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 41

Unilateral Visual Impairment (CN II) -optic and retrobulbar neuritis CSF-> Oligoclobal bands

Question 42

Most common cause of dementia

Answer 42

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 43

``` Nucleis basalis of Meynert Neuritic (senile) plaques -A-beta-Amyloid Neurofibrillary tangles -Tau protein Granulovacuolar Degeneration Hirano bodies -actin filaments ```

Answer 43

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 44

Knife-edge appearance | Pick bodies

Answer 44

Pick Disease

Question 45

Substantia nigra Lewey Bodies - alpha-synuclein

Answer 45

Parkinsons

Question 46

CAG repeats HD gene Huntingtin protein Exhibits Anticipation

Answer 46

Huntington Disease

Question 47

``` SOD1 gene Chromosome 21 Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Bunina bodies Neurogenic atrophy Stephen-Hawkin aka Lou Gehrig's Disease ```

Answer 47

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Question 48

Fasciculations Progressive Muscular Atrophy Progressive Bulbar Palsy Symmetric weakness of the hands

Answer 48

ALS aka Lou Gehrig's Disease

Question 49

Hemorrhage and necrosis of the Mamillary Bodies, A-Ataxia C-Confabulations O-Ophthalmoplegia

Answer 49

Wernicke Encephalopathy

Question 50

Hemosiderin-Laden macrophages in Dorsomedial Nucleus of the Thalamus

Answer 50

Korsakoff Syndrome

Question 51

Supratentorial Tumor

Answer 51

Adults

Question 52

Infratentorial Tumor

Answer 52

Children

Question 53

Most common brain tumor in Adults

Answer 53

Glioblastoma Multiforme Meningioma Ependymoma

Question 54

Most common brain tumor in Children

Answer 54

Cystic Cerebellar Astrocytoma Medulloblastoma Brainstem Glioma

Question 55

Frontal lobe in adults | Cerebellum in children

Answer 55

Astrocytoma

Question 56

Pseudo-palisading pattern of tumor cells | High-grade Astrocytoma

Answer 56

Glioblastoma Multiforma

Question 57

Loose microcytic pattern Bipolar cells Rosenthal Fibers

Answer 57

Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Question 58

Cytoplasmic Halos Perineuronal Satellitosis Fried-Egg Appearance

Answer 58

Oligodendroglioma

Question 59

Perivascular Rosettes

Answer 59

Ependymoma

Question 60

Pale Islands | Drop Metastases in Cauda Equina

Answer 60

Medulloblastoma

Question 61

Common location - Parasagittal Psammoma Bodies Most common benign tumor in adults

Answer 61

Meningioma

Question 62

Most common brain malignancy

Answer 62

``` Metastasis from the Lungs Breast Skin Kidneu GIT ```

Question 63

Cerebellopontine Angle | Neurofibromatosis Type 2

Answer 63

Schwannoma

Question 64

``` Antoni A (Verocay Bodies) Antoni B ```

Answer 64

Schwannoma

Question 65

Shredded Carrot Appearance | Neurofibromatosis Type I

Answer 65

Plexiform Neurofibroma

Question 66

TSC1 gene Chromosome 9 Autosomal Dominant Hamartomas

Answer 66

Tuberous Sclerosis

Question 67

Subependymal Giant-Cell Astrocytoma Renal angiomyolipomas Cardiac Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 67

Tuberous Sclerosis

Question 68

``` Shagreen Patches Ash-leaf Patches Subungal Fibromas Potato / Tuber Appearance Candle-Guttering ```

Answer 68

Tuberous Sclerosis

Question 69

``` Cafe-au-lait spots Autosomal Dominant Hemangioblastoma Renal Cell Ca Pheochromocytoma ```

Answer 69

Von Hippel-Lindau Disease