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Ed Psych > Cluster 8 > Flashcards

Cluster 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

Focus on a stimulus

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2
Q

Automaticity

A

The ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental effort

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3
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Perceiving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into a recognizable pattern

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4
Q

Central executive

A

The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources

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5
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units

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6
Q

Cognitive load

A

The volume of resources necessary to complete a task

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7
Q

Cognitive science

A

The interdisciplinary study of thinking, language, intelligence, knowledge creation, and the brain

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8
Q

Cognitive view of learning

A

A general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge

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9
Q

Decay

A

The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time

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10
Q

Domain-specific knowledge

A

Information that is useful in a particular situation or that applies mainly to one specific topic

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11
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Keeping information in working memory by associating it with something else you already know

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12
Q

Episodic buffer

A

The process that brings together and integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory under the supervision of the central executive

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13
Q

Extraneous cognitive load

A

The resources required to process stimuli irrelevant to the task

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14
Q

General knowledge

A

Information that is useful in many different kinds of tasks; information that applies to many situations

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15
Q

Germane cognitive load

A

Deep processing of information related to the task, including the application of prior knowledge to a new task or problem

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16
Q

Gestalt

A

German for pattern or whole. Gestalt theorists hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes

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17
Q

Information processing

A

The human mind’s activity of taking in, storing, and using information

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18
Q

Interference

A

Processing new information interferes or gets confused with old information

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19
Q

Intrinsic cognitive load

A

The resources required by the task itself, regardless of other stimuli

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20
Q

Maintence rehearsal

A

Keeping information in working memory by repeating it to yourself

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21
Q

Mirror systems

A

Areas of the brain that fire both during perception of an action by someone else and when performing the action

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22
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensory information

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23
Q

Phonological loop

A

Part of working memory. A speech and sound related system for holding and rehearsing (refreshing) words and sounds in short-term memory for about 1.5 to 2 seconds

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24
Q

Sensory memory

A

System that holds sensory information very briefly

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25
Q

Short-term memory

A

Component of memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds

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26
Q

Top-down

A

Making sense of information by using context and what we already know about the situation; sometimes called conceptually driven perception

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27
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Part of working memory. A holding system for visual and spatial information.

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28
Q

Working memory

A

The information that you are focusing on at a given moment

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29
Q

Acronym

A

Technique for remembering by using the first letter of each word in a phrase to form a new, memorable word

30
Q

Automated basic skills

A

Skills that are applied without conscious thought

31
Q

Chain mnemonics

A

Memory strategies that associate one element in a series with the next element

32
Q

Concept

A

A category used to group similar events, ideas, objects, or people

33
Q

Context

A

The physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event

34
Q

Declarative knowledge

A

Verbal information; Facts; “knowing that” something is the case

35
Q

Defining attribute

A

Qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept

36
Q

Distributed practice

A

Practice in brief periods with rest intervals

37
Q

Domain-specific stratefies

A

Consciously applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject or problem

38
Q

Dual coding theory

A

Suggests that information is stored in long term memory as either visual images or verbal units, or both

39
Q

Elaboration

A

Adding and extending meaning by connecting new information to exiting knowledge

40
Q

Episodic memory

A

Long-term memory for information tied to a particular time and place, especially memory of the events in a person’s life

41
Q

Exemplar

A

An actual memory of a specific object

42
Q

Explicit memory

A

Long-term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall

43
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Clear, vivid memories of emotionally important events in your life

44
Q

Images

A

Representations based on the physical attributes- the appearance- of information

45
Q

Implicit memory

A

Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling but that influences our behavior or thought without our awareness

46
Q

Keyword method

A

System of associating new words or concepts with similar-sounding cue words and images

47
Q

Levels of processing theory

A

Theory that recall of information is based on how deeply it is processed

48
Q

Loci method

A

Technique of associating items with specific places

49
Q

Long-term memory

A

Permanent store of knowledge

50
Q

Massed practice

A

Practice for a single extended period

51
Q

Mnemoics

A

Techniques for remembering; the art of memory

52
Q

Organization

A

Ordered and logical network of relations

53
Q

Part learning

A

Breaking a list of items into shorter lists

54
Q

Priming

A

Activating a concept in memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another

55
Q

Procedural knowledge

A

Knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; “knowing how”

56
Q

Procedural memory

A

Long-term memory for how to do thing

57
Q

Productions

A

The contents of procedural memory; rules about what actions to take, given certain conditions. Units of knowledge that combine conditions with actions in “if this happens, do that” relationships that often are automatic

58
Q

Propositional netwok

A

Set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long-term knowledge is held

59
Q

Prototype

A

A best example or best representative of a category

60
Q

Reconstruction

A

Recreating information by using memories, expectations, logic, and existing knowledge

61
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of searching for and finding information in long-term memory

62
Q

Rote memorization

A

Remembering information by repetition without necessarily understanding the meaning of the information

63
Q

Schema(s)

A

Basic structures for organizing information; concepts

64
Q

Script

A

Schema or expected plan for the sequence of steps in a common event such as buying groceries or ordering pizza

65
Q

Self-regulatory knowledge

A

Knowing how to manage your learning, or knowing how and when to use your declarative and procedural knowledge

66
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory for meaning

67
Q

Serial-position effect

A

The tendency to remember the beginning and the end, but not the middle of a list

68
Q

Spreading activation

A

Retrieval of pieces of information based on their relatedness to one another. Remembering one bit of information activates (stimulates) recall of associated information

69
Q

Story grammer

A

Typical structure or organization for a category of stories

70
Q

Theory-based

A

An explanation for concept formation that suggests our classifications are based on ideas about the world that we create to make sense of things

Ed Psych (4 decks)

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