Cluster 4 Flashcards
Automaticity
The ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental effort. The result of learning to perform a behavior or thinking process so thoroughly that the performance is automatic and does not require effort.
Crystallized intelligence
Ability to apply culturally approved problem-solving methods
Deviation IQ
Score based on a statistical comparison of an individual’s performance with the average performance of others in that age group.
Disability
The inability to do something specific such as walk or hear.
Fluid intelligence
Mental efficiency, nonverbal abilities grounded in brain development
Flynn Effect
Because of better health, smaller families, increased complexity in the environment, and more and better schooling, IQ test scores are steadily rising
General Intelligence (g)
A general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests
Handicap
A disadvantage in a particular situation, sometimes caused by a disability
Insight
The ability to deal effectively with novel situations
Intelligence
Ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Score comparing mental and chronological ages
Learning preferences
Preferred ways of studying and learning, such as using pictures instead of text, working with other people versus alone, learning in structured or in unstructured situations, and so on.
Learning styles
Characteristic approaches to learning and studying
Mental age
In intelligence testing, a performance that represents average abilities for that age group
Theory of multiple intelligences
In Gardner’s theory of intelligence, a persons eight separate abilities: logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.
Triarchic theory of successful intelligence
A three part description of the mental abilities (thinking processes, coping with new experiences, and adapting to context) that lead to more or less intelligent behavior
Absence Seizure
A seizure involving only a small part of the brain that causes a child to lose contact briefly
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
Federal legislation prohibiting discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, transportation, public access, local government, and telecommunications
Articulation Disorders
Any or a variety of pronunciation difficulties, such as the substitution, distortion, or omission of sounds
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Current term for disruptive behavior disorders marked by overactivity, excessive difficulty sustaining attention, or implusiveness
Autism/Autism spectrum disorders
Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and non verbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3 and ranging form mild to major
Cerbral palsy
Condition involving a range of motor or coordination difficulties due to brain damage
Educationally blind
Needing Braille materials in order to learn
Emotional and behavioral disorders
Behaviors or emotions that deviate so much from the norm that they interfere with the child’s own growth and development and/or the lives of others- inappropriate behaviors, unhappiness or depression, fears and anxieties, and trouble with relationships
Epilepsy
Disorder marked by seizures and caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain
Free, appropriate public education (FAPE)
Public funding to support appropriate educational programs for all students, no matter what their needs
Generalized seizure
A seizure involving a large portion of the brain
Inclusion
The integration of all students, including those with severe disabilities, into regular classes
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
Annually revised program for an exceptional student, detailing present achievement level, goals, and strategies, drawn up by teachers, parents, specialists, and if possible the student
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)
Latest amendment of PL 94-142; guarantees a free public education to all children regardless of disability
Integration
Fitting the child with special needs into existing class structures
Intellectual disabilities/Mental retardation
Significantly below average intellectual and adaptive social behavior, evident before age 18
Learned helplessness
The expectation, based on previous experiences with a lack of control, that all of ones efforts will lead to failure
Learning disabily
Problem with acquisition and use of language; may show up as difficulty with reading, writing, reasoning, or math.
Least restrictive environment (LRE)
Educating each child with peers in the regular classroom to the greatest extent possible
Low vision
Vision limited to close objects
Mainstreaming
Teaching children with disabilities in regular classes for part or all of their school day
Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)
A term favored by the medical community to describe autism spectrum disorders
Response to intervention (RTI)
A process to make sure students get appropriate research-based instruction and support as soon as possible and that teachers are systematic in documenting what interventions they have tried with these students so this information can be used in planning
Section 504
A part of civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds, such as public schools
Spasticity
Overly tight or tense muscles, characteristic of some forms of cerebral palsy
Speech Disorder
Inability to produce sounds effectively
Transition programming
Gradual preparation of students with special needs to move from high school into further education or training, employment, or community
Voicing Problems
Inappropriate pitch, quality, loudness, or intonation
Zero Reject
A basic principle of IDEA specifying that no student with a disability, no matter what kind or how severe, can be denied a free public education
Gifted and talented students
Very bright, creative, and talented students
