Cluster 7 Flashcards
Antecedents
Events that precede and action
Aversive
Irritating or unpleasant
Behavioral learning theories
Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors
Classical conditioning
Association of automatic responses with new stimuli
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that evokes and emotional of physiological response after conditioning
Contiguity
Association of two events because of repeated pairing
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response
Consequences
Events that follow an action
Cueing
Providing a stimulus that “sets up” a desired behavior
Effective instruction delivery
Instructions that are concise, clear, and specific, and that communicate and expected result. Statements work better than questions.
Extinction
The disappearance of a learned response
Intermittent reinforcement schedule
Presenting a reinforcer after some but not all responses
Interval schedule
Length of time between reinforcers
Learning
Process through which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behavior
Negative reinforcement
Strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus not connected to a response
Operant conditioning
Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents
Operants
Voluntary (and generally goal-directed) behaviors emitted by a person or an animal
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior
Presentation Punishment
Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior; also called Type 1 punishment
Prompt
A reminder that follows a cue to make sure the person reacts to the cue
Punishment
Process that weakens or suppresses a behavior
Ratio schedule
Reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers
Reinforcement
Use of consequences to strengthen behavior
Reinforcer
Any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again
Removal punishment
Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior; also called Type 2 Punishment
Respondents
Responses (generally automatic or involuntary) elicited by specific stimuli
Response
Observable reaction to a stimulus
Stimulus
Event that activates behavior
Stimulus control
Capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors
Unconditioned response (UR)
Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response
Applied behavior analysis
The application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior
Behavior modification
Systematic application of antecedents and consequences to change behavior
Contingency contract
A contract between the teacher and a student specifying what the student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege
Enactive learning
Learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions
Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)
Procedures used to obtain information about antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to determine the reason or function of the behavior
Good behavior game
Arrangement where a class is divided into teams and each team receives demerit points for breaking agreed-upon rules of good behavior
Group consequences
Rewards or punishments given to a class as a whole for adhering to or violating rules of conduct
Observational learning
Learning by observation and imitation of others- vicarious learning
Positive behavior supporters (PBS)
Interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student
Positive practice
Practicing correct responses immediately after errors
Precorrection
A tool for positive behavior support that involves identifying the context for a student’s misbehavior, clearly specifying the alternative expected behavior, modifying the situation to make the problem behavior less likely, then rehearsing the expected positive behaviors in the new context and providing powerful reinforcers
Premack Principle
Principle stating that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity
Reprimands
Criticisms for misbehavior; rebukes
Response Cost
Punishment by loss of reinforcers
Self-management
Management of your own behavior and accpetance of responsibility for your own actions. Also the use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior.
Self-reinforcement
Controlling (selecting and administering) your own reinforcers
Shaping
Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior
Social isolation
Removal of a disruptive student for 5 to 10 minutes
Social learning theory
Theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others
Successive approximations
Small components that make up a complex behavior
Task analysis
System for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic skills and subskills
Time out
Technically, the removal of all reinforcement. In practice, isolation of a student from the rest of the class for a brief time
Token reinforcement system
System in which tokens earned for academic work and positive classroom behavior can be exchanged for some desired reward
