CLSTheory Flashcards
Which part of neocortex extracts generalities in a slow, repetitive manner for semantic memory encoding?
Anterior, temporal lobes which are damages in SD patients
Why is the act of encoding a word, picture or unfamiliar face into memory an e.g. of EM in Kelley (1998)?
Because these concepts are already stored in SM. Therefore, EM is required to encode the experience of having seen these stimuli in this particular experiment into memory
Kelley (1998) found hippocampus activation during EM encoding. Which was more active during word, image & unfamiliar face encoding: the left or right hippocampus?
1) Word: LH
2) Image: both were activated to an equal extent because it can be encoded both verbally & nonverbally
3) Unfamiliar face: RH because the face is unfamiliar & so cannot be named I.e. cannot be encoded verbally
Activity in which brain area during encoding predicts the likelihood of correct recall of EMs (Wagner, 1998)? This is called the ___ ___ ___ effect or Dm effect
Parahippocampal cortex. The difference due to memory effect i.e. the difference in encoding activity for to-be-remembered vs. to-be-forgotten info
Chadwick (2010) showed participants 3 different videos & then asked them to recall each video. Using ___ the decoding accuracy of each MTL structure was measured I.e. the extent to which the computer could work out which video was being recalled on the basis of fMRI recorded activity. It was found that…
MVPA. Hippocampus activity gave the computer the highest decoding accuracy, followed by entorhinal cortex & parahippocampal gyrus which had equal predictive power I.e. hippocampus activity reflects the content of the EM being retrieved
Evidence shows that semantic memory retrieval activates neocortex. What is the discrepancy between findings?
Category-specific activity vs. common activity. E.g. FFA, PPA & visual word form areas activate during recall of faces, places & words respectively. Also, temporal lobes are activated when Pps decide which of 2 concepts is more similar to a 3rd regardless of whether images or words represent the concepts
Why according to CLSTheory do MTL lesion patients Clive Wearing & KC suffer from anterograde amnesia? Why might some limited SM encoding?
Because they have lost the fast learning system gateway to the slow learning system I.e. the hippocampal gateway to neocortical consolidation. Because neocortical storage may have another entrance point direct from perceptual areas
How does CLSTheory account for how we learn exception concepts e.g. penguins?
By rapidly encoding exceptions into the hippocampus (a temporary store) first, followed by gradual integration of this info into neocortex
To learn exceptions we must prevent 1) & protect 2)
1) Proactive interference with pre-existing knowledge I.e. disregard of the new exception
2) Existing knowledge I.e. not overwrite it
Takashima (2009) provided neural evidence of the consolidation of SMs. Participants were trained to associate a face with a particular location. At test…
Pps were presented with the face in an fMRI scanner & were required to recall the associated location. When the test phase occurred 15mins after training, hippocampal activity was greater than neocortical activity during recall. When the test phase occurred 24hrs after training, neocortical activity was greater
Takashima (2009) also found that when recalling recently encoded items,…was correlated with…. In contrast, when… = :) evidence for CNeuroscience: the temporal correlation H1 in perception applies to memory too
neocortical (early visual area) activity was correlated with hippocampal activity. In contrast, when recalling remote items parietal lobe (dorsal stream) activity was correlated with early visual area (ventral stream) activity
At Prelims we learnt that pre-existing semantic knowledge influences the encoding &/or retrieval of episodic memories. How does this relate to what flows in & out of the hippocampus?
Detailed event info flows into the H. Interpretation is facilitated by neocortical, SMs. The interpreted meaning of the event with few details is stored in the H. During retrieval, gist-level info flows out of the H & is fleshed out by adding details from semantic knowledge (neocortex)
Therefore, reconstructive memory can be characterised by 4 ingredients:
1) Info, 2) Knowledge, 3) Stored meaning & 4) Reconstruction
The notion that interactions between the hippocampus/ EM and neocortex/ SM are important for successful encoding are supported by Grady (2003). What was found? = :) evidence of correlated activity facilitating between-region interactions
That there were strong Dm correlations between the hippocampus & neocortex during incidental encoding. Pps were asked “is image x a living thing or not?” & then asked “have you seen image x before?”. Much of the Dm activity predictive of successful recall was correlated between the H & neocortex
Maguire (2000) found that H-neocortex interactions are also important for ___
Episodic memory retrieval
Polyn (2005) used MVPA to suggest that EM free recall involves reactivation of neocortical areas. How was this found out? This suggests EM retrieval relies on…
By training the computer to identify the patterns of activity typical of encoding familiar faces vs. places vs. objects and then to use this knowledge to predict the content of the memory currently being freely retrieved. Interactions between the H & neocortex as stated in the reconstruction model
In what way is the MTL the “memory hub” for learning associations e.g. between a face & a name before neocortex has created a direct link between the 2 concepts (which is a slow process)?
It forms arbitrary links e.g. between the face and name to ensure fast learning. The H link works by informing neocortex to complete patterns e.g. to complete face (retrieval cue) presentation with a name. Over time & repeated presentations the SM becomes independent of the indirect MTL link
Direct neocortical links between SMs may be generated during ___ I.e. this may be when consolidation takes place
Sleep
The crux of the CLSTheory is that the link between H and neocortex is complementary I.e. ___. The reverse link is that…
Bidirectional. Prior neocortical knowledge supports new hippocampal encoding by making encoding & retrieval efficient
CLSTheory suggests that ___ memory arises out of ___ memory
Semantic, episodic
In relation to the principles of memory (1971), CLSTheory refutes 2 principles:…
1) the idea of a multimodal system: different types of info are stored together = not true given the need for neocortical links
2) the idea that storage involves info transfer or reproductive copying = not true in the sense that complementary, interacting systems reconstruct memories
