Cloning Flashcards

1
Q

What is a clone?

A

An individual that is genetically but not necessarily phenotypically identical to another individual

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2
Q

What are the different mechanisms of cloning?

A

Natural

Embryo splitting

Reprogramming somatic cells

Nuclear transfer

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3
Q

What are the two types of natural cloning?

A

Asexual reproduction e.g. hydra bud in spring and summer when conditions are good

Monozygotic twins

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4
Q

What is an example of embryo splitting?

A

Spemann experiment

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5
Q

How do we reprogram somatic cells in plants?

A

Treat cells from original plant and treat with growth factor

Grows into a new plant that is genetically identical

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6
Q

What features allow somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A

Nucleus of every somatic cell contains a complete copy of individual’s genome

Fertilised egg is totipotent

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7
Q

How is somatic cell nuclear transfer carried out?

A

DNA from one cell is combined with an enucleated fertilised egg

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8
Q

Why is somatic cell nuclear transfer controversial?

A

Technique is invasive

There are technical problems

Gives rise to ethical dilemmas

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9
Q

How was Megan and Morag created?

A

Sheep embryo arrested in Go by depriving them of growth factor

Took DNA and transferred into enucleated egg and stimulated to develop

Early embryos placed into uterus of surrogate

Megan and Morag born

Cloned from cultured differentiated embryo cells

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10
Q

How was Dolly created?

A

Cloned from adult cell

Took cells from adult sheep mammary gland

Arrested in their development

Cells then fused with enucleated eggs (also from adult)

Stimulated them and transplanted into surrogate

Dolly was born

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11
Q

What was Polly?

A

First transgenic mammal clone

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12
Q

What did Polly’s milk contain?

A

Human factor IX - treats haemophilia

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13
Q

What are the misunderstandings with cloning?

A

Clones will not bring back a loved one

Clones are only DNA clones (not cytoplasmic)

Have own mutations

Environment is important

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14
Q

What are some problems with cloning?

A

Clone has parent telomere so have shorter ones - die earlier

Large foetus syndrome and prolonged gestation

Low success rate (1/277 transnucleated cells for Dolly)

Lack of genetic variation may lead to disease vulnerability

Human cloning may cause psychological problems

Foetus is 10x more likely to die in utero and 3x more likely to die at birth

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15
Q

What are some potential cloning uses?

A

Developmental research - using clones as controls

Conservation

Cloning elite livestock

Disease resistant farming

Assisted reproductive techniques

Therapeutic cloning

Pharming

Xenotransplantation

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16
Q

What happens when you give stem cells vitamin A derivatives?

A

Form nerve cells

17
Q

How are stem cells used in medicine?

A

Epidermal nucleus of patient put in enucleated cells

Inner mass divided into clumps to produce colonies

Treat colonies with specific differentiated factors

Can help overcome transplant rejection as cells are from original patient

18
Q

What are the problems with using stem cells in medicine?

A

Need cells from an embryo then need to discard embryo

Trying to get stem cells from bone marrow

19
Q

What are some examples of conservation cloning?

A

Cloning rare breeds:
Banteng - did not survive to adulthood
Mouflon - did survive

Cloning extinct species:
Pyrenean ibex - only species to have been brought back but only lived 7 minutes

20
Q
A