Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Question 1

which three ways do drugs and the body interact

Answer 1

ion channels, enzymes, G proteins

Question 2

what are the four main action of drugs working

Answer 2

activation or blocking receptors
activating or blocking enzyme function
opening or blocking ion channels
facilitation or blocking transport systems

Question 3

what is affinity

Answer 3

how well the drug binds to a receptor

Question 4

what is occupancy

Answer 4

how long the drug remains in the receptor

Question 5

what is an agonist

Answer 5

chemical that when bound to a receptor causes expected change in receptor and body

Question 6

what is a partial agonist

Answer 6

will bind to a receptor but not as good as making a response in the cell

Question 7

what is an antagonist

Answer 7

will bind to receptor site but will not cause a conformational change the cell requires to have an action

Question 8

give an example of a reversible agonist

Answer 8

atenolol which is a beta blocker

Question 9

what is first pass metabolism

Answer 9

all blood from GI drains into hepatic portal vein which drains via liver - drug only reaches circulation after metabolism from liver

Question 10

what is GTN

Answer 10

glyceryl trinitrate - used to treat angina and given sublingually

Question 11

name five routes of drug administration

Answer 11

oral
intravenous
intramuscular
transdermal
subcutaneous

Question 12

what is bioavailability

Answer 12

proportion of ingested drug that is available for clinical effect

Question 13

give four ways bioavailability can be modified

Answer 13

dosage
route of administration
poor metabolism

Question 14

what is the single compartment model

Answer 14

drug acts as it is evenly distributed through body

Question 15

what is the two compartment model

Answer 15

drug behaves as if it is in equilibrium with different tissues

Question 16

where can metabolism take place (2 places)

Answer 16

liver
plasma

Question 17

what is involved in the first phase of metabolism

Answer 17

oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis

Question 18

what is involved in phase two of metabolism

Answer 18

conjugation to a compound for excretion

Question 19

what is the most common pathway in the body used for drug excretion

Answer 19

P450 mono-oxygenase system

Question 20

what is the most extensive secretion pathway in the body

Answer 20

renal excretion of water soluble metabolites

Question 21

what is first order kinetics

Answer 21

drug metabolism increases as drug concentration increases

Question 22

what is zero order kinetics

Answer 22

drug metabolism at a fixed rate irrespective of drug concentration

Question 23

what groups of people might have fewer plasma proteins therefore poorer drug distribution

Answer 23

very young
very old

Question 24

name two barriers to drug distribution

Answer 24

blood-brain barrier
planta barrier

Question 25

what is the cellular effect of penicillin

Answer 25

decreases permeability of bacterial cell wall

Question 26

what type of microbes is metronidazole effective against

Answer 26

anaerobic

Question 26

what is the cellular effect of metronidazole

Answer 26

inhibits DNA synthesis of bacteria