Chronic Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
what is hypertension
raised blood pressure - systolic over 140 and diastolic over 90mmHg
name four risk factors for hypertension
age, obesity, alcohol, stress
what drugs put patients at risk of hypertension
NSAIDs, corticosteroids, OCP
what are the two biggest risks of uncontrolled hypertension
cardiovascular disease or stroke
name four types of drugs used to treat hypertension
thiazide diuretic
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel agonists
what is heart failure
the output of the heart is unable to meet the demands of the tissues
what is high output failure
the demands of the system have increased beyond the capacity of the pump
what is low output failure
pump is failing and not strong enough to force blood around body
name a cause of high output failure
anaemia
name a cause of low output failure
cardiac defect
MI
valve disease
name three types of drugs that can contribute to low output failure
beta blockers
Anticancer drugs
corticosteroids
name three signs of left side heart failure
tachycardia
low BP
affects lungs
name three signs of right side heart failure
swollen ankles
ascites
raised JV pressure
what is used to treat acute heart failure
oxygen
morphine
frusemide
done in emergency care setting when patients find themselves short of breath
what is used to treat chronic heart failure
treat the cause - hypertension, valve disease, anaemia
what drugs are used as treatment in chronic heart failure
diuretics
ace inhibitors
nitrates
inotropes
what is the action of diuretics
increases salt and water loss and reduce some of the fluid accumulating in lungs
what is the action of ACE inhibitors
reduces salt/ water retention and reduce vascular restriction through renin-angiotensin II receptors
what is the action of nitrates
reduce venous filling pressure - dilates major veins and reduces tendency for fluid to leak into tissues
what is the action of inotropes
improves heart efficiency and controls electircal activity
name an example of an inotrope
digoxin
what two valves are most likely to be affected by disease
mitral and aortic
what are valve leaflets attached to the heart wall by
papillary muscles - keeps valves closed during systole
what would you immediately assume when a patient presents with a prosthetic heart valve
higher risk of endocarditis
what is atrial fibrillation
electrical activity arising throughout the atria rather than just through the SAN making pulse irregularly irregular
what is infective endocarditis
infection or inflammation of the endocardium - usually on the valves arising due to microbial colonisation of thrombi on the endocardial surfacce
what bacteria is found in infective endocarditis
oral type streptococci or strep. viridans
name four increased risk factors of infective endocarditis
old age
previous experience of endocarditis
prosthetic valve
congenital heart disease
name four symptoms of infective endocarditis
fever
heart murmur
septic complications
skin manifestations
what is the treatment for infective endocarditis
prolonged antibiotic treatment
what are high risk procedures of infective endocarditis
procedures involving manipulation of the dento-gingival junction and cause bacteraemia (extractions, periodontal therapy, gingival surgery, implants)
what is the antibiotic prophylaxis course for a patient at high risk of infective endocarditis undergoing a high risk procedure
3mg amoxicillin one hour before invasive dental procedure
what is found in congenital heart disease
central cyanosis
what is central cyanosis
poor oxygenation of the blood leading to mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood where warm body tissues appear blue
what is raynaud’s disease
spasm of the blood vessels to peripheral tissues in cold circumstances and restricts blood flow to end of finger tip
what is an atrial septal defect
hole between atria so there is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
what is patent ductus arteriosus
ductus closes when baby is born as the resistance is the ductus is greater than the resistance for passing blood to the lings
endocarditis risk
