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BDS2 Diseases of Human Systems > Chronic Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Chronic Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypertension

A

raised blood pressure - systolic over 140 and diastolic over 90mmHg

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2
Q

name four risk factors for hypertension

A

age, obesity, alcohol, stress

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3
Q

what drugs put patients at risk of hypertension

A

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, OCP

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4
Q

what are the two biggest risks of uncontrolled hypertension

A

cardiovascular disease or stroke

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5
Q

name four types of drugs used to treat hypertension

A

thiazide diuretic
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel agonists

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6
Q

what is heart failure

A

the output of the heart is unable to meet the demands of the tissues

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7
Q

what is high output failure

A

the demands of the system have increased beyond the capacity of the pump

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8
Q

what is low output failure

A

pump is failing and not strong enough to force blood around body

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9
Q

name a cause of high output failure

A

anaemia

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10
Q

name a cause of low output failure

A

cardiac defect
MI
valve disease

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11
Q

name three types of drugs that can contribute to low output failure

A

beta blockers
Anticancer drugs
corticosteroids

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12
Q

name three signs of left side heart failure

A

tachycardia
low BP
affects lungs

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13
Q

name three signs of right side heart failure

A

swollen ankles
ascites
raised JV pressure

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14
Q

what is used to treat acute heart failure

A

oxygen
morphine
frusemide
done in emergency care setting when patients find themselves short of breath

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15
Q

what is used to treat chronic heart failure

A

treat the cause - hypertension, valve disease, anaemia

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16
Q

what drugs are used as treatment in chronic heart failure

A

diuretics
ace inhibitors
nitrates
inotropes

17
Q

what is the action of diuretics

A

increases salt and water loss and reduce some of the fluid accumulating in lungs

18
Q

what is the action of ACE inhibitors

A

reduces salt/ water retention and reduce vascular restriction through renin-angiotensin II receptors

19
Q

what is the action of nitrates

A

reduce venous filling pressure - dilates major veins and reduces tendency for fluid to leak into tissues

20
Q

what is the action of inotropes

A

improves heart efficiency and controls electircal activity

21
Q

name an example of an inotrope

A

digoxin

22
Q

what two valves are most likely to be affected by disease

A

mitral and aortic

23
Q

what are valve leaflets attached to the heart wall by

A

papillary muscles - keeps valves closed during systole

24
Q

what would you immediately assume when a patient presents with a prosthetic heart valve

A

higher risk of endocarditis

25
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

electrical activity arising throughout the atria rather than just through the SAN making pulse irregularly irregular

26
Q

what is infective endocarditis

A

infection or inflammation of the endocardium - usually on the valves arising due to microbial colonisation of thrombi on the endocardial surfacce

27
Q

what bacteria is found in infective endocarditis

A

oral type streptococci or strep. viridans

28
Q

name four increased risk factors of infective endocarditis

A

old age
previous experience of endocarditis
prosthetic valve
congenital heart disease

29
Q

name four symptoms of infective endocarditis

A

fever
heart murmur
septic complications
skin manifestations

30
Q

what is the treatment for infective endocarditis

A

prolonged antibiotic treatment

31
Q

what are high risk procedures of infective endocarditis

A

procedures involving manipulation of the dento-gingival junction and cause bacteraemia (extractions, periodontal therapy, gingival surgery, implants)

32
Q

what is the antibiotic prophylaxis course for a patient at high risk of infective endocarditis undergoing a high risk procedure

A

3mg amoxicillin one hour before invasive dental procedure

33
Q

what is found in congenital heart disease

A

central cyanosis

34
Q

what is central cyanosis

A

poor oxygenation of the blood leading to mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood where warm body tissues appear blue

35
Q

what is raynaud’s disease

A

spasm of the blood vessels to peripheral tissues in cold circumstances and restricts blood flow to end of finger tip

36
Q

what is an atrial septal defect

A

hole between atria so there is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

37
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus

A

ductus closes when baby is born as the resistance is the ductus is greater than the resistance for passing blood to the lings
endocarditis risk

38
Q
A

BDS2 Diseases of Human Systems (7 decks)

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