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vt8 final review > clinical pathology > Flashcards

clinical pathology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

kidney function assays

A

BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus

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2
Q

kidney assay elevation causes and decrease causes

A 
kidney dysfuunction/failure, dehydration (causes azotemia), high protein diet
strenuous exercise 
starvation, overhydration 
15-30 mg normal range dog/cat 
increase in BUN can lead to azotemia
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3
Q

creatnine

A

evaluates kidneys ability to filter creatnine from blood
elevation causes: severe kidney damage
renal failure
75% kidney funcion loss > elevated levels

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4
Q

BUN and Creanine BFF’s

A

used together for best indicator of renal function

elevation of both indicates sever renal damage

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5
Q

Calcium and Phosphorus (inverse relationship)

A

both found in bones also found as electrolytes
both regulated by the parathyroid hormone
regulates kidneys ability to actively reabsorption calcium and excrete phosphorus

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6
Q

Ca++

A

blood coagulation

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7
Q

PO4 3-

A

energy production n

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8
Q

pancreatic function assays

A

amylase, lipase, trypsin & tli, glucose

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9
Q

amylase and lipase

A

exocrine function
enzymes secreted necessary for digestion
primary source is pancreas
amylase breaks down starches and glycogen
lipase breaks down long chains of fatty acids
diagnose pancreatitis
lipase more sensitive than amylase

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10
Q

amylase and lipase elevation & decrease causes

A

acute or chronic pancreatitis
obstruction of pancreatic ducts
decrease: chronic, progressive pancreatic disease

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11
Q

trypsin and tli

A

exocrine function
breaks down protein in digested food
trypsin more detectable in feces than blood
tli uses serum Most Accurate

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12
Q

caused for TLI decrease/increase

A

increase: pancreatitis , post prandial
decrease: decrease pancreatic function

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13
Q

glucose

A

indicator of carbohydrate breakdown bodys primary source of energy
ENDOCRINE function
glucose depends on insulin produced by pancreas

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14
Q

glucose elevation/decrease causes:

A

type p2 diabetes (mellitus)
excitement, stress (felines), hyperglycemia
decrease: indicates reduced intake, hypoglycemia

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15
Q

glucose measurement

A

plasma from a grey top tube (best)
serum from a SST or RTT
sitting results can result in decrease in levels
requires fresh whole blood

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16
Q

Liver function assays

A

ALT(SGPT), AST(SGOT), Alk phosphatase (AP), total bilirubin , total protein

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17
Q 
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
A

screening test for liver disease ,enzymes that catalyze protein breakdown

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18
Q

ALT elevAtions

A

hepatic cancer , bile duct obstruction, trauma such as HBC, sever muscle injury* HIT BY A CAR

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19
Q

AST elevations

A

hepatic disease
muscle inflammation or necrosis
strenuous exercise
hemolysis of sample IM INJECTION

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20
Q

AP or ALP

A

in young most AP is from bone

Older animals most AP is from liver

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21
Q

AP or ALP elevation causes

A

bone injury, obstrucive liver disease , hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) , hyperadrenocorticism (cushings dz) , drugs can elevate and elevation in younger animals

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22
Q

total bilirubin

A

evaluates liver function and patency of bile ducts

determines cause of icterus

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23
Q

unconjugated bilirubin

A

indirect bilirubin

before liver, insoluble

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24
Q

conjugated bilirubin

A

direct bilirubin

after liver, water soluble

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25
total bilirubin elevation causes
indirect: RBC destruction or blockage (hemolysis) direct: bileduct injury or obstruction hepatocyte damage
26
total proteins
Albumin, Fibrinogen , Glubulin
27
total serum protein
all protein factors except fibrinogen
28
total plasma protein
measures all the protin factors including fibrinogen
29
tp elevation
dehydrated
30
tp decrease
over hydrated | blood loss, malnutrition, mephritis, lymphosarcoma
31
Albumin
30 - 50 % of tp first protein lost during injury acts as a transport for fatty acids billirubin and many drugs change causes: renal disease dietary intake intestinal absorption of proteins decrease: hypoalbuminemia can cause ascites
32
globulins
alpha: transport and bind beta: iron transprt and fibrin formation Gamma: Imminoglubulins
33
IgM
first responder | precedes the production of IgG or IgA
34
IgG
``` second exposure most abundant in circulation neutralizes microbes and toxins passive immunity evaluates 12 hours post parturition of proper transfer ```
35
IgA
mucosal imunity | protection of respiratory intestinal and urogenital tracts
36
IgE
immediate hypersensitivity reaction allergies and anaphalactic shock anti parasitic response
37
IgD
b lymphocyte activation | contain surface antigen receptors in some species to signal the b cells to be activated
38
albumin/globulin ratio
changes in ratio frequently first sign of protein abnormality
39
fibrinogen
makes up 3-6% of the tp synthesized by hepatocytes its a clotting precursor of fibrin, fibrinogen converted to fibrin clot
40
fibrinogen increase causes
acute inflammtion | tissue damage
41
fibrinogen decrease
lack of clot formation | clot stability altered
42
Misc assay CPK (CK)
Creatine Kinase (creatine Phosphokinase) produced primarily by striated muscle cells also to some extent by the brain acts as catalyst in energy production
43
CK elevation causes
skeletal or cardiac MUSCLE damage after surgery , shipping/transport, strenuous exercise IM INJECTION
44
Ca++
stored in bone BLOOD COAGULATION muscle contraction
45
PO4 3-
ATP release and transfe carbohydrate metabolism' building block for cell membrane and dna
46
sodium (Na)
cation of plasma and extracellular fluids distribution of water MAINTENANCE OF BODY FLUID OSMOTIC PRESSURE
47
Potasium (K+)
intracellular cation normal myo function cardiac function , respiration, blood acidosis hypokalemia
48
magnesium (Mg++)
ACTIVATES ENZYMES required for transmissiion of impulses in the neuromuscular sytem regulates movement of calcium into smooth muscle hypomagnesemia
49
chloride (CI-)
extracelular anion water distribution in the body osmotic pressure , pH balance hypochloremia
50
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
carbon dioxide transport from tissue to lungs measures blood carbon dioxide levels acid/base balance
51
Red top tube
serum chemistries/monitoring panels
52
tiger top tube
serum chemistries/ monitoring panels
53
green top tube
plasma chmistries/blood gases/ avian and exotics | lithium heparin/sodium heparin
54
lavender top tube
EDTA | cbc/ hematocritis
55
grey top tube
glucose (fructosamine test) | sodium fluoride
56
blue top tube
coagulation panels | sodium citrate
57
lymphocytes
t cells b cells, and natural killer cells
58
t cells
. These cells are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the specialized T cell receptor molecule that is located on the surface of the cell. This molecule is important in immunity because it recognizes antigens and is able to bind to them.
59
b cells
These cells are distinguished from other lymphocytes by a protein on their surface known as the B cell receptor. This protein is specialized to recognize and attach to specific antigens.
60
natural killer cells
lymphocytes that are known to be cytotoxic. This means they have the ability to kill other cells. These cells are an important part of the immune system because they are able to recognize virally infected cells as well as some types of tumor cells and kill them before they cause a great amount of harm.

vt8 final review (7 decks)

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