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vt8 final review > clinical pathology > Flashcards

clinical pathology Flashcards

1
Q

kidney function assays

A

BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus

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2
Q

kidney assay elevation causes and decrease causes

A 
kidney dysfuunction/failure, dehydration (causes azotemia), high protein diet
strenuous exercise 
starvation, overhydration 
15-30 mg normal range dog/cat 
increase in BUN can lead to azotemia
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3
Q

creatnine

A

evaluates kidneys ability to filter creatnine from blood
elevation causes: severe kidney damage
renal failure
75% kidney funcion loss > elevated levels

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4
Q

BUN and Creanine BFF’s

A

used together for best indicator of renal function

elevation of both indicates sever renal damage

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5
Q

Calcium and Phosphorus (inverse relationship)

A

both found in bones also found as electrolytes
both regulated by the parathyroid hormone
regulates kidneys ability to actively reabsorption calcium and excrete phosphorus

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6
Q

Ca++

A

blood coagulation

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7
Q

PO4 3-

A

energy production n

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8
Q

pancreatic function assays

A

amylase, lipase, trypsin & tli, glucose

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9
Q

amylase and lipase

A

exocrine function
enzymes secreted necessary for digestion
primary source is pancreas
amylase breaks down starches and glycogen
lipase breaks down long chains of fatty acids
diagnose pancreatitis
lipase more sensitive than amylase

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10
Q

amylase and lipase elevation & decrease causes

A

acute or chronic pancreatitis
obstruction of pancreatic ducts
decrease: chronic, progressive pancreatic disease

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11
Q

trypsin and tli

A

exocrine function
breaks down protein in digested food
trypsin more detectable in feces than blood
tli uses serum Most Accurate

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12
Q

caused for TLI decrease/increase

A

increase: pancreatitis , post prandial
decrease: decrease pancreatic function

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13
Q

glucose

A

indicator of carbohydrate breakdown bodys primary source of energy
ENDOCRINE function
glucose depends on insulin produced by pancreas

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14
Q

glucose elevation/decrease causes:

A

type p2 diabetes (mellitus)
excitement, stress (felines), hyperglycemia
decrease: indicates reduced intake, hypoglycemia

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15
Q

glucose measurement

A

plasma from a grey top tube (best)
serum from a SST or RTT
sitting results can result in decrease in levels
requires fresh whole blood

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16
Q

Liver function assays

A

ALT(SGPT), AST(SGOT), Alk phosphatase (AP), total bilirubin , total protein

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17
Q 
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
A

screening test for liver disease ,enzymes that catalyze protein breakdown

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18
Q

ALT elevAtions

A

hepatic cancer , bile duct obstruction, trauma such as HBC, sever muscle injury* HIT BY A CAR

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19
Q

AST elevations

A

hepatic disease
muscle inflammation or necrosis
strenuous exercise
hemolysis of sample IM INJECTION

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20
Q

AP or ALP

A

in young most AP is from bone

Older animals most AP is from liver

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21
Q

AP or ALP elevation causes

A

bone injury, obstrucive liver disease , hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) , hyperadrenocorticism (cushings dz) , drugs can elevate and elevation in younger animals

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22
Q

total bilirubin

A

evaluates liver function and patency of bile ducts

determines cause of icterus

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23
Q

unconjugated bilirubin

A

indirect bilirubin

before liver, insoluble

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24
Q

conjugated bilirubin

A

direct bilirubin

after liver, water soluble

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25
Q

total bilirubin elevation causes

A

indirect: RBC destruction or blockage (hemolysis)
direct: bileduct injury or obstruction
hepatocyte damage

26
Q

total proteins

A

Albumin, Fibrinogen , Glubulin

27
Q

total serum protein

A

all protein factors except fibrinogen

28
Q

total plasma protein

A

measures all the protin factors including fibrinogen

29
Q

tp elevation

A

dehydrated

30
Q

tp decrease

A

over hydrated

blood loss, malnutrition, mephritis, lymphosarcoma

31
Q

Albumin

A

30 - 50 % of tp
first protein lost during injury
acts as a transport for fatty acids billirubin and many drugs
change causes: renal disease dietary intake intestinal absorption of proteins
decrease: hypoalbuminemia can cause ascites

32
Q

globulins

A

alpha: transport and bind
beta: iron transprt and fibrin formation
Gamma: Imminoglubulins

33
Q

IgM

A

first responder

precedes the production of IgG or IgA

34
Q

IgG

A 
second exposure
most abundant in circulation 
neutralizes microbes and toxins 
passive immunity 
evaluates 12 hours post parturition of proper transfer
35
Q

IgA

A

mucosal imunity

protection of respiratory intestinal and urogenital tracts

36
Q

IgE

A

immediate hypersensitivity reaction
allergies and anaphalactic shock
anti parasitic response

37
Q

IgD

A

b lymphocyte activation

contain surface antigen receptors in some species to signal the b cells to be activated

38
Q

albumin/globulin ratio

A

changes in ratio frequently first sign of protein abnormality

39
Q

fibrinogen

A

makes up 3-6% of the tp
synthesized by hepatocytes
its a clotting
precursor of fibrin, fibrinogen converted to fibrin clot

40
Q

fibrinogen increase causes

A

acute inflammtion

tissue damage

41
Q

fibrinogen decrease

A

lack of clot formation

clot stability altered

42
Q

Misc assay CPK (CK)

A

Creatine Kinase (creatine Phosphokinase)
produced primarily by striated muscle cells also to some extent by the brain
acts as catalyst in energy production

43
Q

CK elevation causes

A

skeletal or cardiac MUSCLE damage
after surgery , shipping/transport, strenuous exercise
IM INJECTION

44
Q

Ca++

A

stored in bone
BLOOD COAGULATION
muscle contraction

45
Q

PO4 3-

A

ATP release and transfe
carbohydrate metabolism’
building block for cell membrane and dna

46
Q

sodium (Na)

A

cation of plasma and extracellular fluids
distribution of water
MAINTENANCE OF BODY FLUID OSMOTIC PRESSURE

47
Q

Potasium (K+)

A

intracellular cation
normal myo function
cardiac function , respiration, blood acidosis
hypokalemia

48
Q

magnesium (Mg++)

A

ACTIVATES ENZYMES
required for transmissiion of impulses in the neuromuscular sytem
regulates movement of calcium into smooth muscle
hypomagnesemia

49
Q

chloride (CI-)

A

extracelular anion
water distribution in the body
osmotic pressure , pH balance
hypochloremia

50
Q

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

carbon dioxide transport from tissue to lungs measures blood carbon dioxide levels
acid/base balance

51
Q

Red top tube

A

serum chemistries/monitoring panels

52
Q

tiger top tube

A

serum chemistries/ monitoring panels

53
Q

green top tube

A

plasma chmistries/blood gases/ avian and exotics

lithium heparin/sodium heparin

54
Q

lavender top tube

A

EDTA

cbc/ hematocritis

55
Q

grey top tube

A

glucose (fructosamine test)

sodium fluoride

56
Q

blue top tube

A

coagulation panels

sodium citrate

57
Q

lymphocytes

A

t cells b cells, and natural killer cells

58
Q

t cells

A

. These cells are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the specialized T cell receptor molecule that is located on the surface of the cell. This molecule is important in immunity because it recognizes antigens and is able to bind to them.

59
Q

b cells

A

These cells are distinguished from other lymphocytes by a protein on their surface known as the B cell receptor. This protein is specialized to recognize and attach to specific antigens.

60
Q

natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes that are known to be cytotoxic. This means they have the ability to kill other cells. These cells are an important part of the immune system because they are able to recognize virally infected cells as well as some types of tumor cells and kill them before they cause a great amount of harm.

vt8 final review (7 decks)

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