clinical nutrition

Question 1

How would you calculate the maintenance energy requirements for an entire and a neutered dog

Answer 1

1.8 x RER for entire and 1.6 x RER for neutered

Question 2

what is RER

Answer 2

resting energy requirements

Question 3

how do you calculate RER

Answer 3

70 x bodyweight in kg ^ 0.75

Question 4

what is MER

Answer 4

maintenance energy requirements

Question 5

how would you calculate MER for a pregnant, lactating or working dog

Answer 5

pregnant is 3 x RER

lactating is 4-8 x RER and 2-8 x RER for working

Question 6

4 things that can cause an animal to appear overwight

Answer 6

pregnancy, hypothyroidism, peripheral oedema, acromegaly in cats, abdominal mass

Question 7

what reduction should you aim for in weight loss programmes for dogs and cats

Answer 7

1-2% of bodyweight per week for a dog and 0.5-1% for a cat

Question 8

what would the calculation for MER be for weight loss for both dogs and cats

Answer 8

dog 1x RER and cat 0.8 x RER

Question 9

what drugs can be used to help aid weight loss

Answer 9

microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors - mortrapide and dirlotapide

Question 10

2 examples of orthopedic related deficiencies in cats and dogs

Answer 10

nutritional hyperparathyroidism and hypervitaminosis A

Question 11

what cats are more at risk of taurine deficiency at what are some clinical signs

Answer 11

cats on vegetarian diet as its found in animal protein

retinal degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy and reproductive complications

Question 12

what can you test for to diagnose taurine deficiency in cats

Answer 12

thiamine measurement in blood

Question 13

what causes pansteatitis and what is it also known as

Answer 13

high poly unsaturated fatty acids - yellow fat disease

Question 14

what condition is pansteatitis associated with

Answer 14

vitamin E deficiency

Question 15

what is a risk factor for pansteatitis

Answer 15

young overweight cats on oily fish diets

Question 16

how much weight does an animal need to have lost to have nutritional support

Answer 16

10%

Question 17

what drugs can be used to stimulate an animals appetite

Answer 17

mirtazapine and diazepam

Question 18

why would you not use appetite stimulants in cats

Answer 18

can cause idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis

Question 19

what is naso-oesophageal tube feeding used for and what are the limitations

Answer 19

short term assistance for less than 7 days

only feed liquid diet as its a narrow tube

Question 20

what tube would you use to feed an animal that has oesophageal disease so you need to bypass the proximal GI tract

Answer 20

gastrotomy tube

Question 21

what are advantages of using an oesophagostomy tube

Answer 21

lasts for months and can feed thicker consistency of food

Question 22

what 4 things must you consider when setting up a feeding tube in small animals

Answer 22

protect the stroma and check before each feed
wait 24 hours before first deed
give 2 small water feeds before any food
check residual volume before feeding - amount left from previous feed

Question 23

difference between a urolith and a urinary crystal

Answer 23

urolith is a macroscopic stone and a crystal is a microscopic mineral precipitate

Question 24

what is a feature on ultrasound of ureteroliths and why must you image patients

Answer 24

one big kidney and one small kidney - can present like acute or chronic kidney disease

Question 25

what must you work out before treating uroliths

Answer 25

if its obstructive or non obstructive

Question 26

which uroliths form in acidic ph

Answer 26

urate and cystine and calcium oxalate

Question 27

which uroliths form in alkaline ph

Answer 27

struvite and calcium phosphate

Question 28

how big must a stone be to visualise on radiographs

Answer 28

2-3mm

Question 29

what stones are radio opaque and can be seen on a plain radiograph

Answer 29

calcium oxalate and struvite

Question 30

what stones need contrast in order to see on a radiograph

Answer 30

urate and cystine

Question 31

what is the most common type of stone found in dogs

Answer 31

struvite

Question 32

what is struvite in dogs associated with

Answer 32

bacterial infection - urease producing UTI causing an increase in urine ph

Question 33

what dietry management can be used for struvite

Answer 33

dissolution diets with protein restriction and increase sodium

Question 34

what is the most common type of stone found in cats

Answer 34

calcium oxalate

Question 35

how can you manage calcium oxalate

Answer 35

needs surgery as cannot dissolve it and diet to increase urine ph

Question 36

what stone are dalmations affected with

Answer 36

ammonium urate

Question 37

what are ammonium urate stones associated with in non Dalmatian breeds

Answer 37

hepatic disease

Question 38

what breeds are predisposed to cystine

Answer 38

Labradors and newfoundlands

Question 39

how can you diagnose cystine

Answer 39

cyanide nitroprussife test where urine turns magenta

Question 40

how can you manage cystine uroliths

Answer 40

castration, dilute urine over ph 7.5

Question 41

whats the target ph for ammonium urate

Answer 41

greater than 7

Question 42

what condition is mixed or compound stones associated with

Answer 42

primary hyperparathyroidism