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Cattle I > Clinical examination of cattle > Flashcards

Clinical examination of cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Peracute

A

0-24hrs

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2
Q

Acute

A

24-96hrs

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3
Q

Subacute

A

4-14 days

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4
Q

Chronic

A

Longer than 14 days

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5
Q

Initial (hands off examination)

A

Mentla status and temperament

Posture and gait

Conformation

Body condition

Abdominal shape

Skin

Appetite and cud chewing

Evidence of urination and defecation

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6
Q

Parts of the hands on examination

A

Caudal region

Left trunk

Left neck

Right neck

Right trunk

Mammary system

External genitalia

Head

Rectal

Vaginal

Urinalysis

Musculoskeletal system

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7
Q

Examination of the caudal region

A

Observation of the perineum

Tail tone

Rectal temperature

Pulse (tail vein)

MM of vulva assessed

RR and effort

Observation of the tail head and neck

Abdominal shape assessed

Rear udder assessed in female animals

Testicles, epididymis, spermatic cords and scrotum assessed in entire male animals

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8
Q

What is the normal pulse in cattle?

A

Adult: 60-80/min

Calves: 70-100/min

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9
Q

Causes of tachycardia in cattle

A

Excitement, disease, pain

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10
Q

Causes of bradycardia in cattle

A

Seen in few diseases: pituitary abscess, vagal indigestion, botulism

Also in recumbent animals or animals that have been deprived of feed for a long time

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11
Q

Normal body temp of cattle

A

38-39.5 degrees

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12
Q

Normal RR in cattle

A

Adult cattle: 15-35/min

Calves: 20-40/min

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13
Q

Where can you palpate the supramammary lymph nodes?

A

Slide hand between hind leg and udder along dorsolateral aspect of udder until the lymph node is met

Usually flattened and nodular

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14
Q

Examination of the left trunk

A

Auscultation of rumen

Rumen is balloted and succussed

Simultaneous auscultation and percussion of left abdomen

Left hind leg examined

Left side of udder palpated and left mammary vein checked for fullness

Abdomen assessed for pain

Heart is auscultated

Ausculation of the left lung field

Left thorax can be percussed

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15
Q

How often do normal cattle have ruminal contractions?

A

Every 90s to 3 mins

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16
Q

How can you assess the abdomen for pain?

A

Grunt test

Withers pinch test

Eric Williams test

17
Q

Grunt test

A

Sharp pressure applied to ventral abdomen (at peak inspiration with tracheal asuculation)

If pain animal will lift abdomen, tighten neck musculature, groan/grunt audibly

18
Q

Withers pinch test

A

Withers are forcefully squeezed at peak inspiration

Most animals arch back but if in pain will rigidly resist arching back

19
Q

Eric Williams test

A

For the early detection of reticulitis

Stethoscope over trachea and hand over left sublumbar fossa to detect ruminal movement.

A quiet grunt may be heard just before the start of the ruminal component of the A wave

20
Q

Heart sounds in cattle

A

Normal sounds:
S1 systolic sound, start of ventricular systole, closure of AV valves
S2 diastolic sound, start of diastole and closure of pulmonic and aortic valves

Many normal cattle have split first heart sounds - gallop rhythm (asynchronous closure of the AV valves)

21
Q

Examination of the left neck

A

Jugular vein inspected

Hydration status assessed

Left superficial cervical (pre-scapular) LN palpated

URT assessed (compress trachea to induce a cough)

The left front leg is assessed

22
Q

Examination of the right neck

A

Jugular vein inspected

Hydration status assessed

Right superficial cervical (pre-scapular) LN palpated

URT assessed (compress trachea to induce a cough)

The right front leg is assessed

23
Q

Examination of the right trunk

A

Heart and lungs auscultated and percussed

Right abdomen auscultated and percussed

In young animals unmbilicus is inspected and palpated

Right subiliac (pre-femoral) LN palpated

Right hind leg examined

24
Q

Examination of the mammary system

A

Udder is examined and palpated for confirmation

Milk is assessed in lactating cows

25
Q

Examination of the head

A

Examined last in adult cattle

Assess attitude (head, ear, and eye position)

Check head for symmetry

Cr nerves checked for deficits

Nose and nostrils inspected

Sinuses (frontal, corneal, maxillary) are percussed

Mouth is examined

Skin of upper eyelid can be pinched to assess hydration

Eyes are checked

Ears palpated

Mandibles inspected for lesions

Throat latch area palpated

LNs inspected

26
Q

Rectal examination

A

Mandatory in appropriately sized cattle

Faeces inspected

Pelvic cavity inspected

Bladder palpated

Termination of aorta palpated

Iliac LNs palpated

Iliac pulses may be assessed

Reproductive tract assessed

Rumen palpated

L kidney is palpated

R side of abdomen palpated for abnormal viscera

27
Q

All deciduous teeth

A

0-24mo

28
Q

2 teeth

A

about 18-30mo

29
Q

4 teeth

A

About 24-36mo

30
Q

6 teeth

A

About 30-42mo

31
Q

8 teeth

A

About 36mo onwards

32
Q

Worn full mout

A

From about 7yrs

33
Q

Broken mouth

A

Aged cattle

34
Q

Gummy mouth

A

Aged cattle

35
Q

Indications for left flank ex-lap

A

LDA, traumatic reticulitis, rumenotomy, investigation of ruminal bloat

36
Q

Plapable strucutres in left ex-lap

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Abomasum
Spleen
Left border of liver
Diaphragm
Left kidney through peritoneal fat
Path of ureters
Bladder
Uterus
Right and left ovaries
Descending colon

37
Q

Indications for right flank ex-lap

A

LDA, RDA, Caecal dilatation or torsion, intussusception

38
Q

Palpable structures on right flank ex-lap

A

Caecum
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Abomasum

Cattle I (38 decks)

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