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Cattle I > Basic clinical procedures > Flashcards

Basic clinical procedures Flashcards

1
Q

IM injections in cattle

A

Inject at a 90degree angle to skin surface

Insert needle first

Draw back

Don’t inject more than 20-30mls in a single location

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2
Q

Main sites of IM injections

A

Neck - preferred site (less valuable)

Triceps - not commonly used

Gluteals - commonly used (but valuable cut of meat)

Semimembranosus/semitendinosus - only for small volumes

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3
Q

Subcut injections in cattle

A

Anywhere where there is loose skin (neck/shoulder region)

Needle inserted at 30-45 degree angle from the surface of the skin

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4
Q

IV injections in cattle

A

Use antiseptic/alcohol

Insert needle slowly and gently

Draw back occasionally to check still in the vein

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5
Q

Sites for IV injections

A

Jugular - most commonly used

Middle caudal vein (tail) - less risk of med getting to brain if artery is hit, only for small volumes <5ml and only in larger cattle

Mammary vein -should NOT be used (risk of thrombosis or phlebitis)

Cephalic or dorsal metatarsal veins - occasionally used if jugular becomes thrombosed

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6
Q

IV catheterisation

A

Usually in jugular but can use cephalic or dorsal metatarsal veins

Use scalpel blade to punture skin

Secure with sutures/adhesive tape/superglue

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7
Q

Use of flutter valves

A

When larger volumes need to be administered e.g. 400ml calcium and magnesium salts and glucose

Turn upside down to remove air from tubing before injecting

Can use S/C or IV

Flow rate adjusted by changing height of bottle

If below height of vessel blood will flow back into tube

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8
Q

Blood sampling

A

Cattle over 300kg: middle caudal vein (tail vein)

Calves or if large volumes of blood needed: jugular vein

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9
Q

Methods of oral administration

A

Bolus (balling) guns

Drench guns

Stomach tubes

Oesophageal feeders

Nasogastric intubation

Dose syringes and drench bottles

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10
Q

Bolus (balling) guns

A

Typically magnets, mineral supplementation, and sustained release wormers

Insert into side of mouth so end is just rostral to pharynx then trigger so animal swallows bolus

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11
Q

Drench guns

A

Similar technique to bolus guns but to administer a defined volume of fluid medication

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12
Q

Stomach tubes

A

To administer medicines and fluids as well as relieving ruminal bloat and rumen fluid collection.

Use speculum or guard to stop tube being chewed.

Should be able to watch it going down the oesophagus, stop if cow coughing.

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13
Q

Oesophageal feeders

A

Used for delivery of colostrum and electrolyes to neonatal calves

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14
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

Not commonly used in cattle

Avoids risk of iatrogenic damage to oral cavity

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15
Q

Dose syringes and drench bottles

A

For small volumes of medicines (<1L)

E.g. rumen stimulants, propylene glycol

Introduced to the oral cavity at commisure of lips, head held up and drug administered slowly

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16
Q

Blood/plasma transfusion

A

Indications: extreme anaemia, acute blood loss, FPT

Only need to crossmatch if they have had previous transfusion

Can donate 10-15ml blood per kg of BW

For anaemic cow each L of donated blood will raise PCV approx 0.75%

Take and administer blood through jugular, or if uncooperative can be administered intraperitoneally

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17
Q

Indications for caudal epidural anaesthesia

A

Relieve straining and tenesmus during dystocia

Replacing uterine and vaginal prolapses

Rectal or vaginal irritation

Anaesthesia for surgical procedures

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18
Q

Common site for caudal epidural anaesthesia

A

Between first and second coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co2) (first moveable joint) or the sacrococcygeal joint (S5-Co1)

Surgically prepare site

Confirmation of placement: negative pressure in epidural space will aspirate a few drops of anaesthetic agent

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19
Q

Dose of caudal epidural anaesthesia

A

1.0ml/100kg of local anaesthetic

Lower in belgian blues as they have small epidural space

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20
Q

Indications for disbudding/dehorning

A

Less stressful and risky if disbudded by 2wks of age

Dehorning during fly season (may-sept) not recommended

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21
Q

Restraint and anaesthesia for disbudding/dehorning

A

Use crush unless v young calves

Anaesthesia necessary under legislation

Blocking of corneal nerve preferred method (2-10ml) of LA

In mature animals use ring block around horn base

Sedation using xylazine useful particularly in older animals

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22
Q

Preparation for disbudding/dehorning

A

Hair clipped at horn base

Analgesia recommended before procedure e.g. meloxicam

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23
Q

Surgical technique for disbudding

A

Red-hot disbudding iron placed on horn bud

Rotate several times

End angled to burn skin around the periphery of horn bud to destroy germinal epithelium

24
Q

Surgical procedure for dehorning

A

Angle of dehorning should produce a uniform contour of the head

Should expose the corneal artery and not excessively expose the frontal sinus

Traction or torsion should be applied to corneal artery and branches to ensure adequate haemostasis

Cauterisation using hot iron to control haemorrhage

25
Q

Cosmetic dehorning

A

Elliptical incision made around horn and surrounding skin

Skin undermined before removing horn using sterile equipment

Skin brought together and sutured using a tension relieving pattern

26
Q

Common castration techniques in calves

A

Rubber ring

Burdizzo

Surgical

27
Q

Rubber ring castration

A

Only allowed in first week of life

Bloodless

No anaesthetic required

28
Q

Burdizzo castration

A

Up to 12 weeks

Bloodless - good in summer for fly control, or in less hygienic environments

29
Q

Surgical castration

A

Torsion: up tp 4mo

Emasculator: 3-9mo

Ligatures: over 9mo

Ensure fly control adequate or avoid summer months.

Consider tetanus prophylaxis

30
Q

Restraint and anaesthesia for castration

A

Legal requirement for >8wks to give anaesthetic, strongly recommended for younger calves too

Sedation and LA preferred method

Small calves can be restrained in lateral recumbency and larger in standing restraint

For surgical castration inject LA into testicle and under scrotal skin or spermatic cord

For burdizzo just into the spermatic cord

31
Q

Preparation for castration

A

Surgical castration: antibiotic therapy recommended, clean scrotum with antiseptic

NSAIDs recommended for all techniques

32
Q

Method of rubber ring castration

A

Band placed at base of scrotum, above testicles using elastrator

33
Q

Method of burdizzo castration

A

Spermatic cord is palpated and held laterally in the scrotal neck

Jaws of burdizzo closed across cord only leaving undamaged skin midline

Hold in place for at least 10s

Repeat distal to first crush

Repeat on other side with crush sites offset from the first testicle

Testicular tissue atrophies in 4-6 wks

34
Q

Methods of surgical castration

A

Use scalpel to incise scrotum

Closed: for bulls <90kg
- Testicle grasped and traction applied
- Fascia bluntly separated from spermatic cord
- Spermatic vessels wrapped around finger with traction to force spontaneous rupture high in scrotal base
- Spermatic cord can be ligated with absorbable suture material

Open: for larger bulls
- Incise vaginal tunic
- Traction on testicle until spermatic vessels are isolated
- Continued traction on spermatic vessels until they rupture in ventral inguinal region

Emasculator can be used in open or closed

35
Q

Post operative care for surgical castration

A

Topical antibiotic or antiseptic spray

Clean bedding

Monitor for haemorrhage and swelling or infection

36
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Uncommon in bulls

Can be retained abdominally or within inguinal ring

37
Q

Preparation for crytorchidism castration

A

Abdominally retained testicles: incision site for surgery determined based on rectal examination to determine site of testicle

38
Q

Surgical technique for cyptorchid castration

A

Muscle-spreading incision made in paralumbar fossa (standing) or paramedian incision (in dorsal recumbency) in the ipsilateral to retained testicle

Testicle is isolated and emasculator used to transect spermatic cord, usually within the peritoneal cavity

Close incision

39
Q

Post operative care for crytorchid castration

A

Parenteral ABx and NSAIDs

40
Q

Ectopic testicle

A

Usually found subcutaneously cranial to the scrotum and lateral to penis

Use surical castration

41
Q

Indication for scirrhous cord removal

A

Scirrhous cord often associated with the retention and infection of testicular tunics after an improperly performed surgical castration

42
Q

Restraint and anaesthesia for scirrhous cord removal

A

Standing restraint or lateral recumbency

Sedation and analgesia recommended

LA advised

43
Q

Surgical technique for scirrhous cord removal

A

Scrotal tissue cleaned and scrubbed

Vertical incision placed in scrotum

Skin undermined and scirrhous cord isolated and bluntly dissected

Spermatic cord is ligated and then incised removing the affected tissue

44
Q

Indication for bull ringing

A

Nose rings in bulls are useful for handling purposes

45
Q

Restraint and anaesthesia for bull ringing

A

Restrain in a crush

Local anaesthetic block of the infra-orbital nerve or LA into site of ring placement

46
Q

Procedure for bull ringing

A

In the fibrous septum distal to the cartilaginous septum which separate the nostrils

Care taken to avoid cartilage

A punch is used to facilitate the fitting

Ring will have a hinge and can be operned for fitting

Ring is then closed and held in place by interlocking joint and small screw - screw is tightened and head removed so surface is smooth

47
Q

Post op care for bull ringing

A

Apply topical antibiotic cream

Ideally move ring once a day for several days

48
Q

Indication for supernumerary teat removal

A

Surgical removal warranted as they interfere with milking anf are associated with mastitis

Ideally removed in first month of life

49
Q

Restraint and anaesthesia for supernumerary teat removal

A

Younger animals: dorsal recumbency

Older animals: standing

Sedation or analgesia indicated

Anaesthesia needed if animal older than 3mo

LA infused into base of teat

50
Q

Surgical technique for supernumerary teat removal

A

Isolated (caudal and intercalary) teats are removed with burdizzo and/or sharp curved scissors

Haemorrhage uncommon

Suturing required in most adult cows

Attached (ramal) teats are removed with burdizzo and/or scissors - may produce a fistula in normal teat - close using an inflammatory suture material e.g. catgut

51
Q

Abscess drainage

A

Rule out seromas or haematomas using centesis or US

Liberal (>5cm) scalpel incision following LA infiltration, avoiding blood vessels. End at most dependent point of abscess to aid draining

Large necrotic clumps and debris can be removed manually

Flush cavity with antiseptic solution - do daily for 5-7days

Systemic Abx not necessary for most abscess cases

52
Q

CSF collection

A

Collected from atlanto-occipital or lumbosacral space

53
Q

Abdominal paracentesis

A

Helathy cattle have little abdo fluid so colleciton can be difficult

Most common site is intersection of a longitudinal line between the ventral midline and the right mammary vein and a transverse line midway between the umbilicus and xiphoid

54
Q

Thoracocentesis and pericardioventesis

A

Rarely performed in cattle

55
Q

Liver biopsy

A

Usually with ultrasound guidance

Entry site is RHS in a line between tubercoxae and elbow at 10th intercostal space at the level of the greater trochanter of femur

Sampling device is directed towards the opposite elbow to penetrate the liver

56
Q

Urinary catherterisation

A

Possible in females, but not in males

Sterile catheter introduced to urethra over the top of the sub-urethral diverticulum

Cattle I (38 decks)

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