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MTAP 2 - CC1 (Trans) > Clinical Conditions: Hypo and Hyperglycemia > Flashcards

Clinical Conditions: Hypo and Hyperglycemia Flashcards

1
Q
  • Decreased serum glucose concentration (≤ 60 mg/dL)
  • A life-threatening condition (due to impairment of brain function)
A

Hypoglycemia

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2
Q

Diagnostic criteria for Hypoglycemia

A

Whipple’s triad

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3
Q

Content of Whipple’s triad

A
  1. Low Plasma glucose
  2. Symptoms consistent with hypoglycemia (in CNS)
  3. Relief of those symptoms if plasma glucose is raised
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4
Q
  • Adrenergic (also affects the autonomous
    nervous system)
  • Predominantly found in px with reactive/ alimentary hypoglycemia
A

Neurogenic

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5
Q

Hypoglycemia that occurs 4 hours after meal

A

Neurogenic

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6
Q

Symptoms of Neurogenic Hypoglycemia

A

Tremors, Palpitations, Anxiety, & Diaphoresis

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7
Q
  • Decreased glucose supply in the brain
  • Occurs if the glucose level is < 40 mg/dL
  • Predominantly found in px under fasting hypoglycemia
A

Neuroglycopenic

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8
Q

Occurs after 10 hours without food intake

A

Neuroglycopenic

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9
Q

Symptoms of neuroglypenic

A

Blurred vision, Behavioral changes, Confusion,
Dizziness, & Tingling Sensation

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10
Q

Causes of Hypoglycemia

A
  1. Alcohol consumption
  2. Severe sepsis
  3. End-stage renal disease (ESDR)
  4. Cortisol and/or Growth Hormone deficiencies
  5. Alimentary/Hypoglycemia/ Reactive hypoglycemia
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11
Q

Normal FBG/ Fasting Blood Sugar value

A

70-99 mg/dL

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12
Q

Glucagon & other hyperglycemic hormones are released into the circulation value

A

65-70 mg/dL

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13
Q

Strongly suggests hypoglycemia
(if result is found in series/ multiple glucose testing)

A

≤ 60 mg/dL

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14
Q

Observable symptoms of hypoglycemia appear

A

55 mg/dL

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15
Q

Impairment of cerebral function begins

A

50 mg/dL

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16
Q
  • Increased serum glucose concentration (> 90 mg/dL)
  • Toxic to beta-cell function (beta-cell functions to produce insulin)
A

Hyperglycemia

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17
Q

General Lab findings in hyperglycemia

A

○ Increased urine and serum glucose
○ Increased urine specific gravity
○ Ketones in urine and serum (DM Type I)
○ Decreased blood and urine pH (acidosis)
○ Electrolyte imbalance (↓Na+, ↑K+, ↓HCO3)

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18
Q

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors or both

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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19
Q

FBS result for DM

A

≥ 126 mg/dL on more than one testing

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20
Q

Glucose in urine due to reaching the
maximum renal threshold for glucose (160-180 mg/dL) making kidney to no longer reabsorb the excess glucose

A

Glucosuria

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21
Q

compensation of the body that occurs if a
non-carbohydrate source is utilized such as LIPID to form energy; which in turn produces a byproduct of ketones

A

Ketosis

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22
Q

Normal ratio of Ketones (Β-hydroxybutyrate to Acetoacetate)

A

1:1

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23
Q

Β-hydroxybutyrate to Acetoacetate ratio in Severe DM

A

6:1

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24
Q

T/F: The 6:1 ration is reversible by insulin administration

A

TRUE

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25
Q

General Signs & Symptoms of DM

A
  • 3Ps (Polyuria, polydipsia, Polyphagia)
  • Rapid weight loss
  • Hyperventilation
  • Mental confusion and possible loss of consciousness
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26
Q

↑ Blood Glucose = ↑ Osmolality = Promotion of
thirst

A

Polydipsia

27
Q

Type 1 DM is also known as

A
  • Insulin Dependent DM/
  • Juvenile Onset DM/
  • Brittle Diabetes/
  • Ketosis-Prone Diabetes
28
Q
  • Occurs only if 80-90% of beta-cell is destroyed
  • Insulinopenia Absolute insulin deficiency
A

Type 1 DM

29
Q

Most common to childhood/teens

A

Type 1 DM

30
Q

Risk factor: Autoimmunity (autoimmune disorder)

A

Type 1 DM

31
Q

Pre-diabetes stage: (+) autoantibodies

A

Type 1 DM

32
Q

Symptoms develop ABRUPTLY

A

Type 1 DM

33
Q

Decreased or Undetectable C-peptide

A

Type 1 DM

34
Q

Pancreas’ beta-cells produces PRO-INSULIN which is composed of

A

Insulin + C-peptide

35
Q

Is an INACTIVE form and must be cleaved first

A

Proinsulin

36
Q

Common, poorly controlled ketosis

A

Type 1 DM

37
Q

Insulin is one of the medication

A

Type 1 DM

38
Q

Autoantibodies found on pre-diabetes stage in Type 1 DM

A
  • Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (adults)
  • Insulin Autoantibodies (children)
  • Islet Cells
  • Tyrosine Phosphatase (IA-2 and IA-2b)
  • Insulinoma assoc. Protein 2 Autoantibody
  • Zinc Transporter 8 Autoantibodies
39
Q

Other names for Type 2 DM

A
  • Non-Insulin Dependent
  • Adult Type/ Mature Onset
  • Stable Diabetes
  • Ketosis-Resistant
  • Receptor-Deficient DM
  • Geneticist’s Nightmare
40
Q

Insulin Resistance (due to alteration/ absence
of insulin receptors)

A

Type 2 DM

41
Q

most common among adult

A

Type 2 Dm

42
Q

Risk factors are
Genetics, Race, Obesity, Sedentary Lifestyle, Ethnicity, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia

A

Type 2 DM

43
Q

(-) Autoantibodies
(have normal BS, but still at
risk for DM)

A

Type 2 DM

44
Q

Symptoms develop
GRADUALLY (milder symptoms, some asymptomatic) If not controlled, it can be
converted to Type I DM

A

Type 2 DM

45
Q

Detectable C -peptide

A

Type 2 DM

46
Q

Ketosis is rare

A

Type 2 DM

47
Q

The medication for Type 2 DM

A

Oral Agents (Metformin – increases
sensitivity of cells to insulin)

48
Q
  • Cause of DM is UNKNOWN
  • It does not have β-cell autoantibodies and have episodic requirements for insulin replacement
A

Idiopathic Type 1 DM

49
Q

Occurs only among PREGNANT women (if diabetic already prior to pregnancy, it’s not classified as GDM)

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

50
Q

Disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize
carbohydrates usually caused by a deficiency of insulin, metabolic or hormonal changes

A

GDM

51
Q

How many percentage converts to Type 2 DM within 10 years

A

30-40%

52
Q

Should evaluated 6-12 weeks after birth

A

GDM

53
Q

GDM screenign should be performed between __ weeks of gestation

A

24-28 weeks of gestation

54
Q

Normal FBS value

A

70-99 mg/dL

55
Q

Normal 2hr GTT value

A

60-140 mg/dL

56
Q

Normal HbA1c value

A

3-6%
(ADA: <5.7%)

57
Q

Normal RBS

A

<160 mg/dL

58
Q

Value for FBS (DM)

A

≥ 126 mg/dL

59
Q

Value for 2hr GTT (DM)

A

≥ 200 mg/dL

60
Q

Value for HbA1c (DM)

A

≥ 6.5%

61
Q

Value for RBS (DM)

A

≥ 200 mg/dL (w/ DM symptoms)

62
Q

Value for FBS (Impaired Fasting Glucose)

A

100-125 mg/dL

63
Q

Value for 2hr GTT impaired glucose tolerance

A

140-199
mg/dL

64
Q

Hypoglycemia value

A

≤ 60 mg/dL (Whipple’s Triad)

MTAP 2 - CC1 (Trans) (7 decks)

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