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Apollon > CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

A volumetric pipette has an accuracy of

A

1:1000

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2
Q

A pipette with a bulb close to the delivery tip is used for viscous fluids

A

Ostwald-Folin pipette

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3
Q

The etched rings on the top of a pipette means

A

The last drop is to “blown out” after the pipettes drains

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4
Q

Standard solution from which 99.95% of the chemical can be retrieved

A

Primary Standards

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5
Q

When preparing solutions

A

A percent solution can be prepared from a volumetric solution

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6
Q

A solution in which the molecules of solute in solution are in equilibrium with excess undissolved molecules

A

Saturated

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7
Q

Pure water has a pH of

A

7.0

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8
Q

A 1x10(-6) N solution of hydrocloric acid (HCl) has a pH of

A

8.0

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9
Q

A standard term that most specifically describes analytical precision

A

Coefficient of variation

  • Standard Deviation
  • Variance
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10
Q

Quality Control should be used with all procedures deterrmine

A

Reliability

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11
Q

A procedure has a 2SD variation from a mean value. How many values from from a normal population will the 2SD include

A

95.45%

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12
Q

Material with physical and chemical properties closely resembling the test specimen and containing concentrations of the substances being measured

A

Control

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13
Q

Optical density, according to Beer’s Law

A

Directly proportional to the concentration

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14
Q

The difference between serum and plasma is that serum does not contain

A

Fibrinogen

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15
Q

Two control sera are desirable for each general chemistry procedure. Which of these combinations would be appropriate

A

Mean of normal range and abnormal (high)

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16
Q

Sodium flouride is used in specimen collection to

A

Prevent glycolysis

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17
Q

The concentration of oxalate recommended to be used as anticoagulant, in mg/ml blood

A

1-2

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18
Q

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) work as anticoagulant by

A

Chelating Calcium

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19
Q

The venipuncture site for a routine puncture is commonly cleaned with:

A

70% alcohol

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20
Q

The one precaution to be followed with a specimen for bilirubin determination is to

A

Protect from light

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21
Q

Substances cannot be preserved by feezing

A

Lactic dehydrogenase

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22
Q

Serum iron should be drawn at the same time on successive days to avoid

A

Diurnal variation

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23
Q

Proteins soluble in water

A

Albumin

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24
Q

The Amino Acids are joined together to form chainlike structure through

A

Peptide bonding

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25
Q

Elements in proteins differentiate this class of substances from carbohydrates and lipids

A

Nitrogen

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26
Q

Amino Acid cannot rotate polarized light

A

Glycine

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27
Q

Denaturation of proteins refers to an

A

Alteration in tertiary structure

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28
Q

The hemoglobin measurement technique employed for blood donor

A

Flotation technique of Phillips

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29
Q

Refers to the ratio of velocities of light in two different media

A

Refractive Index

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30
Q

The most anodic protein on electrophoresis at pH 8.6

A

Albumin

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31
Q

When protein is at its isoelectric point, the protein will have a

A

Net zero charge

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32
Q

Svedberg(S) number refer to protein

A

Ultracentrifugation

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33
Q

The macroglobulins belong to what sedimentation class

A

19.0S

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34
Q

As urine is heated, a precipitate appears 60C and disappears 100C. The substance present is

A

Bence Jones Protein

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35
Q

The process of separating albumin from globulins using sodium sulfate

A

Salting Out

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36
Q

The conversion of protein nitrogen contain to protein content depends on the factor

A

6.54

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37
Q

NOT true of the biuret reaction

A

Is relatively free from interference by lipids and hemolysis

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38
Q

In Acute Renal Failure which non protein nitrogen rises the fastest

A

Blood urea Nitrogen

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39
Q

Why is bromcresol purple the preferred indicator for albumin dye binding technique?

A

There is less interference from pigment

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40
Q

Reagent employed in the serum protein determination

A

Biuret

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41
Q

Reason why hemolyzed serum should not be used for total protein

A

Hemoglobin is absorbed at the same wavelength as protein of biuret reagent

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42
Q

Turbidity in serum is associated with presence of

A

Chylomicrons

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43
Q

Glycoproteins and mucoproteins are usually bound to

A

Galactose and Mannose

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44
Q

NOT glycoproteins

A

Cryoglobulin

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45
Q

NOT applicable to mucoproteins

A

Hormones and coagulation proteins are induced in this class

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46
Q

How many immunoglobulin classes are currently recognized

A

Five

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47
Q

When performing an immunoglobulin electrophoresis, there must be present

A

Excess antibody and constant trough distance between antibody and antigen

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48
Q

Decrease in Albumin, Increase Gamma globulin

A

Monoclonal gammopathy

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49
Q

Temperature sensitive proteins

A

Cryoglobulins

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50
Q

TRUE of Albumin

A

It is produced by liver

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51
Q

To measure urinary protein you can use

A

Biuret reagent with trichloroacetic acid pretreatment of urine

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52
Q

An elevated creatinine value is most likely to be accompanied

A

Elevated BUN, 10x creatinine value

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53
Q

Conversion factor for BUN to urea

A

2.14

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54
Q

By the urease method, urea is enzymatically converted to

A

Ammonia

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55
Q

Untreated urine can be used for determination of urea by the diacetyl monoxime method because

A

the method is not measuring ammonia

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56
Q

Urinary creatinine may be elevated in

A

Muscle Destruction

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57
Q

The measurement of creatinine is based on the formation of a yellow-red color with:

A

Alkaline picrate

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58
Q

The classic creatinine reaction

A

Jaffe

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59
Q

The specificity of the Jaffe reaction can be enhanced by

A

Adsorption with Lloyd’s reagent

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60
Q

A disease state assoc. with an elevation of serum uric acid

A

Gout

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61
Q

The most common reagent employed in uric acid methodology by alkaline oxidation

A

Phosphotungstic Acid

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62
Q

The uricase method for uric acid assays depends on

A

Ultraviolet absorption peak at 290nm before and after treatment with uricase

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63
Q

The most precise method for amino acid determination

A

Gasometric ninhydrin reaction

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64
Q

The urea clearance test is an indication of

A

overall kidney function

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65
Q

The creatinine clearance is based on the assumption that creatinine

A

Passes into the ultrafiltrate

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66
Q

Most accurate clearance test that measure glomerular filtration

A

Inulin

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67
Q

Clearance test offers best measure of tubular function

A

p-aminohippurate (PAH)

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68
Q

determination of osmolality involves measurement of

A

Freezing Point depression

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69
Q

Patients with borderline blood glucose levels are further investigated by performing

A

3 hour glucose tolerance test (GTT)

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70
Q

The test that gives a two to three (2-3) month picture of diabetic glucose level

A

HemoglobinA1C

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71
Q

ensure validity of the glucose tolerance test

A
  • a 150 g/day carbohydrate diet for 3 days prior to the test
  • a fasting state before glucose is given
  • No undue stress before or during the test
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72
Q

Contamination of the glucose reagent with catalase is a problem with which glucose method

A

Glucose Oxidase

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73
Q

Based on reduced coenzyme read at 340 nm

A

Hexokinase methodology (glucose det)

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74
Q

Proteins are precipitated by which of the following reagents in the Folin Wu mtd

A

Tungstic Acid

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75
Q

The interfering reducing substances in the Folin Wu glucose mtd may be removed by

A

ZInc-barium precipitation

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76
Q

The copper reduction method for glucose, measurable color is developed though the formation of

A

Molybdenum blue

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77
Q

The most frequently employed automated method for glucose uses

A

Reduction of alkaline ferricyanide to ferrocyanide

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78
Q

When sugars are separated by chromatography, the application of anisaldehyde/ sulfuric acid/ ethyl alcohol spray will identify galactose as what color spot

A

Grey

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79
Q

Seliwanoff’s test detects

A

Fructose

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80
Q

Xylose excretion is helpful in the determination of

A

Intestinal malabsorption

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81
Q

Prehepatic bilirubin has which if the following for a protein carrier

A

Albumin

82
Q

Increase in indirect reacting bilirubin is suggestive of

A

Hemoglobin breakdown

83
Q

Direct reacting bilirubin is

A

Bilirubin diglucuronide

84
Q

Bilirubin is converted in the intestines to

A

Urobilinogen

85
Q

Interfere with the Evelyn and Malloy method for bilirubin

A

Hemolysis

86
Q

The port wine color of some urines can be attributed to

A

Porphyrins

87
Q

Para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

A

Ehrlich

88
Q

Both porphobilinogen and urobilinogen form a red colored compound with Ehrlich’s reagent. Differentiation can be obtained by

A

Solubility of urobilinogen in chloroform

89
Q

Bilirubin will develop a violet color after adding

A

Methyl alcohol

90
Q

A urine specimen that exhibits yellow foam on being shaken should be suspected of having an increased concentration of

A

Bilirubin

91
Q

Biological catalyst

A

Enzyme

92
Q

Hemolysis will interfere with all of the following enzyme measurement EXCEPT

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase

93
Q

A high alkaline phosphatase level in the presence of other negative liver function tests is indicative of

A

Obstructive Jaundice

94
Q

A metal ion is sometimes necessary in an enzymatic reaction to

A

Act as activator of the enzyme

95
Q

TRUE of isoenzyme

A

The electrophoretic property is different for each isoenzyme

96
Q

As the temperature is increased from 25C to 37C in the aspartate aminotransferase reaction, the activity of the reaction

A

Almost doubles

97
Q

The Michaelis-Mentein constant in the rate of conversion of substrate to product is determined by

A

Substrate concentration and rate of dissociation of enzyme-substrate complex

98
Q

In zero order reaction, there will be no further increase velocity because

A

All enzyme is bound to substrate

99
Q

Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of

A

Glycerides

100
Q

TRUE of the isoenzyme LD1

A

Present in the greatest amount in normal heart tissue

101
Q

Lactate + NAD ——-> Pyruvate + NADH. The catalyst in the reaction is

A

Lactate Dehyrogenase

102
Q

Serum creatine kinase is clinically sinificant in disease of

A

Muscle

103
Q

Creatine kinase frequently elevated in disorders such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and:

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

104
Q

The kinetic or rate enzymatic methodologies, optical density decreases as

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- reduced form (NADP) is changed to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

105
Q

In myocardial infarction, the clinically significant enzymes are

A

CK, AST and LDH

106
Q

During a suspected MI, you should perform creatinine phosphokinase isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes to demonstrate

A

MB fraction of CK and the LD 1-2 flip

107
Q

In Muscular dystrophy, the clinically significant enzymes

A

CK, Aldolase, AST

108
Q

Ceruloplasmin is an alpha1 globulin that binds

A

Copper

109
Q

Most sensitive enzyme indicator of liver function, particularly in obstructive jaundice

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

110
Q

Optimum pH of Acid Phosphatase

A

5.0

111
Q

The clinical significant of an elevated acid phosphatase is

A

Prostatic Disease

112
Q

If an acid phosphatase test cannot be performed immediately after collection, how should the serum be treated

A

Either acidify or freeze

113
Q

Tests for ACP detects levels of the enzyme from tissues such as

A

Liver, spleen, prostate and platelets

114
Q

The substrate for the Cherry Crandall lipase method

A

Olive oil and triolein

115
Q

Other parameters must be known to properly evaluate calcium

A

pH and protein

116
Q

The classic Clark- Collip method for calcium is based on the assumption that calcium will be

A

Precipitated as an oxalate and converted oxalic acid

117
Q

In the titration of calcium oxalate with potassium permanganate, the temperature must be maintained at

A

60-80C

118
Q

A low parathyroid hormone level will cause

A

Low serum calcium

119
Q

In the compleximetric titration (EDTA) mtd for calcium, the pH must be adjusted to prevent

A

interference by magnesium

120
Q

Purpose of lanthanium in AAS det of calcium

A

Will bind phosphate

121
Q

Low chloride level

A
  • Diabetic acidosis
  • Renal Failure
  • Prolonged vomiting
122
Q

Inorganic phosphate can be determined from combination of TCA filtrate and

A

Molybdate

123
Q

At a pH of 7.4 most of the inorganic phosphate in the plasma is in which form

A

HPO4

124
Q

A phosphorus value of 2.5 mEq/L would be how many mg/dl

A

4.3

125
Q

A colometric method for magnesium employs which reagent

A

Titan yellow

126
Q

The first step in the serum iron mtd involves

A

break up of the iron- protein complex

127
Q

Major extracellular cation

A

Sodium

128
Q

Major intracellular cation

A

Potassium

129
Q

Internal standard when sodium and potassium are measured by flame photometry

A

Lithium

130
Q

In the classic Schales and Schales (mercurimetric titration) mtd for chloride, what substance reacts with the indicator to form a violet color

A

Excess Hg++

131
Q

The point of equilibrium bet drug dosage intake and drug elimination

A

Steady state

132
Q

A major disadvantage of drug detection by immunoassays

A

Simultaneous assay of multiple drugs in one specimen is not feasible

133
Q

Lithium is measured by

A

Flame photometry

134
Q

Tricyclic antidepressant

A

Doxepin

135
Q

When a kidney stone is tested with sodium cyanide and sodium nitroprusside, the appearance of a magenta color identifies what substance?

A

Cystine

136
Q

The sweat chloride test is useful in the diagnosis

A

Cystic Fibrosis

137
Q

The use of radioisotopes 51Cr provides a direct measurement of

A

Red cell mass

138
Q

The average blood volume for human beings, expressed in ml/kg weight

A

60

139
Q

In the coulometric-amperometric mtd for chloride, the amount of chloride is measured by:

A

Amount of current needed to generate Ag+

140
Q

In gasometric analysis of CO2, the liberated gas is absorbed with

A

Sodium Hydroxide

141
Q

What is the purpose of caprylic alcohol in the gasometric mtd for CO2

A

To prevent foaming

142
Q

Normal pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

143
Q

Henderson-hasselbach equation

A 
ph= pka + log dissociated salt (A-)
                      ------------------------------
                      undissociated salt (HA)
144
Q

Ratio of bicarbonate:carbonic acid in normal plasma

A

20:1

145
Q

Most of the CO2 in the blood is present in which form

A

Bicarbonate ion

146
Q

What will happen if blood is exposed to air during collection of pH and blood gas studies

A

pCo2 decreases; pO2 increases

147
Q

If the glass elecrode of the pH instrument is coated with protein, the pH value will be

A

Variable

148
Q

The wavelength at which oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin have the same absorbance is referred to as the

A

Isoelectric Point

149
Q

Appropriate of plotting of a concentration curve

A

Semi-log paper, plot % units on y axis and standard concentration on x axis

150
Q

In Spectro quality control, the holmium oxide glass filter is used to assess

A

wavelenth accuracy

151
Q

Cuvette use for the ultraviolet range,

A

Quartz cuvette

152
Q

Emission of a color when an element is burned

A

Flame Photometry

153
Q

Light absorbed at wavelength of resonance line by unexcited atoms

A

Atomic Absorption Spectro

154
Q

Light source in AAS

A

Cathode lamp

155
Q

Disadvantage encountered in Fluometry

A

Quenching

156
Q

To achieve the best levels of sensitivity and specificity, a type of detector system that a gas chromatograph may be coupled to

A

Mass Spectrophotometer

157
Q

Automated chemistry systems, whether discrete or continuous flow must include

A
  • unknown
  • reagent
  • unknown + reagent
  • reaction analysis
  • calculation
  • reporting of results
158
Q

If an isotype has a half life of 12 hours and an activity of 24 millicuries(mCi), what will be its activity in 36 hours?

A

3 mCi

159
Q

Contentrated sulfuric acid has a normality of

A

36

160
Q

Mixtures can be separated into individual compounds to be measured on the basis of differences in their physical characteristics

A

Chromatography

161
Q

Analytes are measured in a sample by means of tubing diameter and flow rate

A

Continuou flow analysis

162
Q

Samples and reagents are pipetted into cuvettes, read in photometer and results are calculated

A

Discrete Processing System

163
Q

Major binding protein for T4

A

Thyroid binding Globulin (TBG)

164
Q

Purpose of iodine in the protein bound iodine (PBI) mtd

A

Acts as a catalyst in the ceric-arsenite reaction

165
Q

A T4 measured as iodine 1.8 mg/dl. To what thyroxine value is it equivalent

A

2.75

166
Q

In T4 by radioimmunoassay (RIA), the more thyroxine present in the patient serum

A

The less amount of radioactive labeled thyroxine bound to antibody

167
Q

T3 uptake is actually measurement of

A

TBG

168
Q

NOT good indications of hypothyroidism

A

T3 Uptake

169
Q

Steroids is identified as an 18- carbon compound that possesses a phenolic “A” ring

A

Estrogens

170
Q

Estrogen with greatest concentration in urine

A

Estriol

171
Q

Standard for 17- ketosteroid determination

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

172
Q

The excretion product of progesterone

A

Pregnanediol

173
Q

Contain the 21 carbon atoms of the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring

A

Steroid

174
Q

Hormone that control reabsorption of sodium in the kidney

A

Aldosterone

175
Q

The Kober reaction refers to the pink color resulting from the combination of hot concentrated sulfuric acid and extracted

A

Estrogens

176
Q

The Ittrich extraction for estrogens involves the reagent

A

p-nitrophenol

177
Q

The Porter-Silber reactions employs phenylhydrazine to detect

A

Corticosteroid

178
Q

The zimmerman det of 17-ketosteroid is based on reaction with

A

Meta- dinitrobenzene

179
Q

For the measurement of 17-ketogenic steroids (17-Hydroxycorticosteroids), prior treatment with what reagent is required

A

Sodium bismuthate

180
Q

Cathecolamines are secreted by

A

adrenal medulla

181
Q

Metabolite of epinephrine

A

Vanillylmandelic Acid

182
Q

A two hour pregnancy test can measure

A

Chorionic gonadotropins, beta subunit

183
Q

TRUE of an immunological test for pregnancy

A

With the agglutination inhibition mtd, the presence of agglutination means a negative test

184
Q

which subunit of hCG will give a very specific RIA test for the measurement of hCG

A

Beta

185
Q

Specimen use for pregnancy testing

A

Blood and Urine

186
Q

An ectopic pregnancy is the one that occurs in the

A

Fallopian Tube

187
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by

A

Placenta

188
Q

The highest level of hCG is occurs in which trimester of pregnancy

A

First Trimester

189
Q

A glycoprotein consisting of two non identical non covalently bound subunits

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

190
Q

Some commercial kits now available for pregnancy test incorporate

A

Monoclonal antibodies

191
Q

To produce reliable results, at which time should blood specimens for lipids studies be drawn

A

12-16 hours fasting

192
Q

The reagent for color development in the Liebermann-Burchard reaction for cholesterol

A

Acetic anhydride/ sulfuric acid

193
Q

Composed of ethanol and ether in a ratio of 3:1

A

Bloor’s reagent

194
Q

Converts esters to free cholesterol so that all measured chole is of the same type

A

Saponification

195
Q

Precipitate free cholesterol

A

Digitonin

196
Q

Blood cholesterol in hypothyroidism

A

Increase

197
Q

Friedewald Formula

A

LDL chole= TC- (TG/5 + HDL chole)

198
Q

Coronary Risk Index includes

A

Total Cholesterol and HDL Cholesterol

199
Q

Most triglycerides procedures involve measurement of

A

Glycerol

200
Q

Lipids with the lowest density

A

Chylomicrons

201
Q

Migration sequence from the origin of lipoprotein

A

Chylo, beta, pre-beta, alpha

202
Q

Disease associated with elevated beta lipoprotein

A

Cardiovascular

Apollon (4 decks)

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