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MEDL 200 - Quiz 2 > Clinical Chemistry > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main areas in clinical chemistry?

A
  1. Routine Chemistry
  2. Routine Urinalysis
  3. Special Chemistry
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2
Q

What is the routine chemistry area?

A

testing in this area determines the concentration of various chemical analytes (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, electrolytes, serum proteins, cardiac enzymes and urea)

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3
Q

Which department is the largest and most automated in chemistry?

A

routine chemistry

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4
Q

What are some tests done under special chemistry?

A

serum electrophoresis, therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology studies and quantitation of hormone levels

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5
Q

What are some types of specimens that are submitted for chemistry tests?

A
  • blood, urine, feces, CSF, sweat and other body fluids
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6
Q

What are the tubes that are collected for chemistry tests?

A

SST (serum separator tube) and PST (plasma separator tube)

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7
Q

What is glucose broken down from?

A

Dietary carbohydrates

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8
Q

What maintains the blood glucose level?

A

Insulin

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9
Q

What is the range described as for the control of blood glucose with insulin?

A

Narrow range

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10
Q

What are the two terms associated with blood glucose concentration?

A

Hyperglycaemia

Hypoglycaemia

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11
Q

What’s the difference between hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia?

A 
Hyper = increased glucose in blood
Hypo = decreased glucose in blood
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12
Q

What is most often associated with diabetes Mellitus?

A

Hyperglycaemia

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13
Q

Blood collected after fasting for at least 8 hours but not more than 16 hours = what type of test?

A

Fasting blood glucose

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14
Q

Blood collected at any time = what kind of test?

A

Random blood glucose

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15
Q

What is temporary hyperglycaemia?

A

When the blood glucose level of someone is high due to a carbohydrate-rich meal

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16
Q

How long does it take an individual’s blood glucose to return to normal during temp. hyperglycaemia?

A

within 2 hours

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17
Q

What test requires no fasting, then a 50g glucose load, and then the blood is collected an hour after?

A

gestational diabetes screen

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18
Q

When can you take the gestational diabetes screen test?

A

Between 24-28 weeks of gestation

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19
Q

What test is performed if fasting blood glucose is high?

A

glucose tolerance test

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20
Q

What is the glucose load for the glucose tolerance test? Then when is blood collected?

A

75g – After 2 hours.

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21
Q

What test is performed when the gestational screen is high?

A

glucose tolerance for gestational diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

What’s the key difference between the glucose tolerance test and the glucose tolerance test for GDM?

A

samples are collected at 1 hour and 2 hours post consumption

23
Q

What test is done to check dietary compliance and insulin use in diabetics?

A

HbA1c (glycosylated or glycated hemoglobin)

24
Q

What is a glycosylated hemoglobin?

A

when blood glucose binds to hemoglobin

25
Q

The rate of formation of glycosylated hemoglobin is ____ to the blood glucose concentration.

A

proportional

26
Q

What electrolytes are most likely tested for?

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate ion (measured in CO2)

27
Q

How are excess amounts of electrolytes excreted from the body?

A

Through the urine by the kidneys

28
Q

Which electrolyte is the primary extracellular ion?

A

Sodium (Na+)

29
Q

What is sodium responsible for?

A
  • The normal distribution of water between extracellular and intracellular compartments
  • transmission of nervous impulses
29
Q

What are the normal levels of Na+ in serum/plasma?

A

quite high

30
Q

What are the normal levels of K+ in serum/plasma?

A

low

31
Q

When comparing levels of K+ in the RBC vs. plasma/serum, how much more concentrated are RBC?

A

25x higher

32
Q

What is the second most prevalent extracellular ion?

A

Chloride (Cl-)

33
Q

What is the function of chloride?

A

maintaining water balance

34
Q

What is the most common form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

A

bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

35
Q

How is the acid-base balance determined?

A

by measuring CO2- and pH of the blood

36
Q

What are the two most common plasma lipids that are tested for?

A

cholesterol and triglycerides

37
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

when cholesterol or triglycerides bind to proteins making them water soluble

38
Q

What is the difference between LDL and HDL?

A

LDL = “bad” because when cholesterol is in the LDL form, it is more likely to attach to arterial walls

HDL is “good” as it protects against atherosclerosis

39
Q

What is the two types of cholesterols?

A

Low-density (LD) lipoprotein

High-density (HD) lipoprotein

40
Q

What lipid tests are done without fasting?

A
  • triglycerides
  • total cholesterol
  • HDL
  • LDL
41
Q

What is protein used for in the body?

A

For growth, repairing tissues and maintenance of body weight

42
Q

What type of protein makes up 2/3 of the total protein population?

A

albumin

43
Q

What makes up the 1/3 of proteins?

A

globulins (α1, α2, β, γ)

44
Q

What does the serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) test do?

A

it separates proteins into five fractions and determines the portion of each.
- area under the peak = that protein’s concentration

45
Q

Waste products = UREA and CREATININE

Where are they produced?

A 
Urea = liver
creatinine = muscles
46
Q

What does elevated levels of urea and creatinine usually indicate?

A

renal disease

47
Q

How is the creatinine clearance test done?

A

Urine is collected over a period of 12 to 24 hours

Then determination of creatinine in serum/plasma and urine is done.

48
Q

What is the creatinine clearance testing?

A

measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

49
Q

How does gout occur?

A

when the concentration of uric acid in blood is above a certain level –> crystallization in the joint

50
Q

When does jaundice occur?

A

When the levels of bilirubin in plasma is 2-3x higher than normal amount.

51
Q

What does high concentrations of enzymes in the blood indicate?

A

tissue damage or tumours

52
Q

What are the few enzymes ordered?

A

alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

MEDL 200 - Quiz 2 (5 decks)

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