Clinical Approach To Nutrition Flashcards
What is the recommendation for adult for vegetables and fruits per day?
6-9 fruits and veggies
A deficiency in vitamin C results in what disease?
Scurvy
Characteristics of vitamin C
Biological antioxidant and free radical scavenger
Necessary for biosynthesis of bile acids, collagen and NE
Sx of scurvy
Fatigue, depression and widespread abnormalities of CT
PE findings for scurvy
Inflamed gingiva, petechia, hemorrhage, impaired wound healing, hyperkeratosis, bleeding into body cavity
What is the source of vitamin C?
Fruits and veggies
Protein deficiency
Is rare as there are many plant based on protein sources
However, in chronic starvation protein calorie deficiencies result in loss of muscle mass as well as body fat
Sources of saturated and trans fat (bad fat)
Animal fats: meat, butter, whole milk, etc
Solid fats: margarine
Coconut and palm kernel oils
Sources of poly and mono-unsaturated (good) fats
Seafood (omega 3)
Sunflower, corn, olive, soybean and cottonseed oils
Walnuts, pine nuts
Sesame, sunflower, pumpkin and flax seeds
Mediterranean diet
Based on the eating habits of Greece and southern Italy in early 60s
Plant based: fruits, veggies, nuts, grains, seeds, beans and olive oil
Eggs, dairy, poultry, and fish are eaten several times/week but portions are small
Minimal intake of red meat, refined sugar, flour, butter, and fats (except for olive oil)
Includes 1-2 glasses of red wine per day
Mediterranean diet benefits
Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Not yet recommended in guidelines for pts with HTN or HLD bc more research is needed
Vegetarian diet
May or may not include egg or dairy products
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Includes eggs and dairy products
Lacto-vegetarian
Includes dairy products, but not egg products
Ovo-vegetarian diet
Includes eggs and egg products, but no dairy
Vegan diet
Excludes egg and dairy products, and may exclude honey
Raw vegan diet
Based on vegetables, fruit, nuts, seeds, legumes and sprouted grains
Amount of uncooked food varies from 75-100%
Pescatarian diet
Includes fish and seafood
What is the current recommendation for salt intake?
2300mg/d
Salt is directly related to what?
Blood pressure and fluid retention
There are no plant sources of which vitamin?
B12
Characteristics of the DASH diet
Based on study limiting Na to 2300mg/d
Lowered both BP and LDL cholesterol
Low fat foods
Limit foods that are high in saturated fats
Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets
Describe food label laws
Ingredient list is in descending order of predominance
Mandatory labeling of major allergens (i.e. milk, eggs, peanuts)
Varies between countries can have a generic statement “contains milk”
What is required to be listed on a nutrition label?
Serving size, total calories, vitamin D, K, Ca and iron
Vitamin A and C are optional
Salt/Na free means
Less than 5mg of Na per serving
Very low Na means
Less 35mg of Na or less per serving
Low sodium means
140mg of Na or less per serving
Reduced Na means
At least 25% less Na than in the original product
Light in Na or slightly salted means at least
50% less Na than the regular product
No salt added or unsalted means that
No salt is added during processing
It does not mean that there is no Na in the product
Fat free means the food has
Less than 0.5g of fat per serving
Low fat means
3g of fat or less per serving
Reduced fat or less means
The food has at least 25% less fat than the regular product
Trans fat free means the food has
Less than 0.5g of trans fat per serving
Even through the food says trans fat free it may still contain 0.49 trans fat
Eating many serving of a food with small amounts of trans fat per serving can add up
Characteristics of vitamin A
Fat soluble
Requirement for epithelial functions such as proliferation of basal cells, hyperkeratosis, and formation of stratified cornfield squamous epithelium
Integral component of rhodopsin and iodopsin
Worse with conditions that have fat malabsorption
What are some sources for vitamin A?
Milk, fish oil, liver, eggs, carrots, squash and greens
