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repro and sexual health > clinical anatomy > Flashcards

clinical anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is pouch of douglas

A

recto-uterine pouch
most inferior point in the peritoneal cavity in an upright woman

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2
Q

what does the broad ligament do

A

extends between the uterus and the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis
helps maintain the uterus in its correct midline position

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3
Q

what is the round ligament

A

embryological remnant
attaches to the lateral aspect of the uterus
passes through the deep inguinal ring to attach to the superficial tissue to the female perineum

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4
Q

3 layers of the body of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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5
Q

where does implantation of zygote occur

A

body of the uterus

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6
Q

most common position of the uterus

A

anteverted and anteflexed
anteverted- cervix tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the vangina
anteflexed- uterus tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the cervix

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7
Q

normal variation position of the uterus

A

retroverted and reftroflexed

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8
Q

3 levels of support for holding the uterus in position

A

number of strong ligaments (uterosacral ligaments)
endopelvic fascia
muscles of the pelvic floor

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9
Q

what happens when there is weakness in uterine support

A

uterine prolapse

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10
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

ampulla

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11
Q

how to check if the fimbriated end of the uterine tubes are open

A

HSG
- radiopaque dye spilling out of the end of the uterine tube and into peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

what area is sampled in cervical screening

A

squamo columnar junction- transformation zone

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13
Q

what type of muscle is levator ani

A

skeletal
- voluntary control

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14
Q

what is the function of levator ani muscle

A

provides continual support for the pelvic organs
- tonic contractions
- reflexively contracts further during situations of increased intra-abdominal pressure

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15
Q

innervation of levator ani muscle

A

S3,4,5 sacral plexus

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16
Q

perineal body

A

bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue into which the perineal muscles attach
important to pelvic floor strength
can be disrupted during labour

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17
Q

bartholins gland

A

secrete lubricating fluid

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18
Q

where does most of the lymph of the breast drain

A

most lymph drains to ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes and then the supraclavicular nodes

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19
Q

where can lymph from the inner breast drain

A

parasternal lymph nodes

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20
Q

where can lymph from the lower inner breast drain

A

abdominal lymph nodes

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21
Q

where can lymph from the upper limb drain

A

axillary lymph nodes

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22
Q

blood supply of the breast tissue

A

axillary
internal thoracic (internal mammary)

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23
Q

bony pelvis consists of

A

2 hip bones
sacrum
coccyx

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24
Q

bony points of the pelvic inlet

A

sacral promontory
ilium
superior pubic ramus
pubic symphysis

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25
bony points of pelvic outlet
pubic symphysis ischiopubic ramus ischial tuberosities sacrotuberous ligaments coccyx
26
where does the inguinal ligament attach
between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
27
where are the ischial spines palpable
on vaginal examination - approx 4 and 8 o clock
28
where does the sacrospinous ligament attach
sacrum and ischial spine
29
where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach
sacrum and ischial tuberosity
30
in what ways is a females pelvis different to a mans
the AP and transverse diameters of the female pelvis are larger than the male the subpubic angle and pubic arch in the female is wider than the male the pelvic cavity is more shallow in the female
31
what is moulding
the movement of one bone over another to allow the fetal head to pass through the pelvis during labour
32
what is the vertex
an area of the fetal skull outlined by the anterior and posterior fontanelles and the parietal eminences
33
which is longer the occipitofrontal diameter or the biparietal diameter
the occipitofrontal diameter
34
what is the station? in context of labour
the distance if the fetal head from the ischial spines
35
what does a negative or positive station mean
a positive number means the head is inferior to the spines and a negative number means the head is superior
36
what position should the fetal head be at the pelvic inlet
transverse
37
control of uterine cramping (menstruation)
hormonal (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
38
control of uterine contraction (during labour)
hormonal (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
39
what type of gland is the breast
subcutaneous gland
40
what is the secretory tissue made up of
15-25 lobes each consisting of a compound tubulo-acinar gland which drains via a series of ducts leading to the nipple
41
what are suspensory ligaments
larger condensations that extend from the dermis of the skin to the deep fascia overlying the muscle they support breast tissue
42
what is the duct system in a non-lactating breast
the terminal duct lobular unit is the basic functional secretory unit of the breast terminal ductules lead into an intralobular collecting duct which leads into the lactiferous duct for that lobe the lactiferous duct leads to the nipple, passing through an expanded duct region near the nipple (lactiferous sinus)
43
within the lobule what cells line the accini
secretory epithelial cells (vary from cuboidal and columnar)
44
what cells surround the secretory cells of acinus
myoepithelial cells - contractile epithelial cells which in turn are surrounded by the basal lamina
45
what cells line the larger ducts of the breast
epithelium that varies from thin stratified squamous to stratified cuboidal
46
what cells cover the nipple
thin, highly pigmented keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
47
changes to the breast during the menstrual cycle
during the luteal phase the epithelial cells increase in height, the lumina of the ducts becomes enlarged and small amounts of secretion appear in the ducts
48
changes to the breasts during pregnancy
- In the first trimester there is elongation and branching of the smaller ducts, combined with proliferation of the epithelial cells of the glands and the myoepithelial cells. - In the second trimester glandular tissue continues to develop with differentiation of secretory alveoli. Also, plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltrate the nearby connective tissue. - In the third trimester secretory alveoli continue to mature, with development of extensive rER
49
composition of human milk
88% water 1.5% protein mainly lactalbumin and casein 7% carbohydrate mainly lactose 3.5% lipid small quantities of: ions, vitamins and IgA antibodies
50
how are lipid droplets secreted from the breast
they are secreted surrounded by membrane and carrying a small amount of cytoplasm apocrine secretion
51
how is the protein in milk made
in the rER in the golgi apparatus and secreted via vesicles which merge with the apical membraane to release only their contents into the duct system merocrine secretion
52
changes to the breasts after menopause
the secretory cells of the TDLU's degenerate leaving only ducts are fewer fibroblasts and reduced collagen and elastic fiibres in the connective tissues
53
what is the blood supply of the breast
lateral mammary branches from the lateral thoracic medial mammary branches from the internal thoracic
54
what is the venous drainage of the breast
by medial and lateral mammary veins
55
how to palpate the ischial spines
laterally at 4 and 8oclock position
56
location of retromammary space
lies between fascia and breast
57
how is the breast attached to the skin
suspensory ligaments
58
location of level I axillary nodes
inferior and lateral to pectoralis minor
59
location of level II axillary nodes
deep to pectoralis minor
60
location of level III axillary nodes
superior and medial to pectoralis minor
61
paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts give rise to
uterine tubes uterus superior vagina
62
majority of arteries of the pelvis and perineum arise from what artery
the internal iliac artery
63
which arteries of the pelvis and perineum do not arise from the internal iliac artery
gonadal artery superior rectal artery
64
superficial perineum drains to
the superficial inguinal nodes

repro and sexual health (21 decks)

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