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BMS 100 > Clin Phys 5 > Flashcards

Clin Phys 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The peripheral nervous system detects
a stimulus and relays it to the _____

A

central nervous system (sensory)

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2
Q

The central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) integrates this information to create a ______

A

response

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3
Q

The response is carried to ______ (muscles, glands, blood vessels) via the ___________

A

peripheral nervous system (motor)

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4
Q

which part of the neruon receives a stimulus from a
neuron or a receptor

A

dendrite

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5
Q

which part of a neuron integrates the stimuli and ranks it (compares it to other stimuli)

A

Cell body, axon hillock

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6
Q

which part of the neuron passes along another stimulus
if it is adequately stimulated

A

axon

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7
Q

Axons are carried in bundles as:
Nerves in the _____
Tracts in the ______

A

Nerves in the peripheral system
Tracts in the central nervous system

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8
Q

Most neuronal cell bodies reside in the
CNS, with a few exceptions:

A
  • Dorsal root ganglia
  • Autonomic ganglia
  • Enteric ganglia
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9
Q

neuronal cell bodies for the axons that bring most sensory information from the PNS to the CNS

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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10
Q

help regulate the activities of the autonomic nervous system

A

Autonomic ganglia

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11
Q

help regulate the activity of the gut

A

Enteric ganglia

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12
Q

Responsible for most of our “higher functions”.

A

cerebral cortex

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13
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • formation, storage, retrieval of memory (together with the limbic structures)
  • Speech & language
  • Abstract thinking, math, planning and executing plans
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14
Q

the cerebral cortex is responsible for….

A

“What we’re conscious of”
- Perception (i.e. what we consciously sense)
- Voluntary movements, both simple and complex

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15
Q

what lobe: Complex motor plans – anterior portions + precentral gyrus

A

frontal lobe

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16
Q

what lobe: Motor aspects of speech – anterior and inferior to the precentral gyrus

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

Planning, abstract thinking, social behaviour (executive functions) – distributed throughout ______ and _______ lobes

A

frontal and parietal lobe

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18
Q

what lobe: Perception of touch, temperature, vibration – postcentral gyrus

A

Parietal Lobe

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19
Q

Perception of “where our limbs are” (proprioception) – postcentral gyrus

A

Parietal Lobe

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20
Q

Memory, executive functions, abstract reasoning – distributed throughout the ______ lobe

A

parietal

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21
Q

hearing, scent, taste, recognition of speech and memory describe which lobe?

A

Temporal Lobe

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22
Q

vision, Areas that relate visual stimuli to “actual things” – i.e. association cortex and Memories related to
what has been seen describes what lobe

A

Occipital Lobe

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23
Q

Memory formation requires attention and structures that “process” and form new memories. Where is attention found?

A

prefrontal lobe

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24
Q

Memory formation requires attention and structures that “process” and form new memories. Where are memory “processors” found?

A

the structures of the limbic lobe below the temporal
lobe
- hippocampus and amygdala

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25
Q

Memory formation requires attention and structures that “process” and form new memories. Where is memory “storage”?

A

Memories tend to be stored in the cortex
“close to” the sensation they’re associated with
- i.e. – the memory of a voice or word is likely in
or close to the temporal lobe

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26
Q

Structures that lie below the cortex, close to the middle
of the parietal and temporal lobes

A

the basal ganglia

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27
Q

what does the the basal ganglia serve?

A

Serve to refine and regulate behaviours or movements

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28
Q

what structure causes movements to be “inhibited” (tics, unnecessary movements, non-speech vocalizations) and also allows or encourages intended movements?

A

the basil ganglia

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29
Q

The basil ganglia are impaired in several diseases. What happens when this structure loses function?

A

▪ Tremors, rigidity, difficulty initiating movements
▪ Random, purposeless movements
▪ Tics, vocal utterances
▪ Personality changes

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30
Q

list three structures that lie deep to the basil ganglia

A

▪ Striatum
▪ Globus pallidus
▪ Subthalamic nuclei

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31
Q

Relays information from sensory receptors in the
PNS to the cortex including Joint/limb position and
movement, pain, touch and movement

A

Thalamus – major roles

32
Q

Relays information from brain areas to refine motor planning such as the cerebellum and basal ganglia

A

Thalamus – major roles

33
Q

what are the major roles of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Controls much of the endocrine system, along with the pituitary gland
  • Regulates temperature, activity of the autonomic nervous system, fluid balance
  • Some thalamic nuclei modulate emotion and memory formation
34
Q

the cerebellum is about ____ of the mass of the brain

A

10%
- a highly folded and complex strucutre

35
Q

what is the general function of the cerebellum?

A

Compares information from the receptors that sense:
* Joint position and movement
* Gravity and equilibrium

Uses this information to adjust movements that are
formulated in the prefrontal cortex
* It very quickly “error-corrects” movements that are
planned by comparing them to data from the receptors
described above

36
Q

the brainstem is composed of the _______, _______, and _________.

A
  • Composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
37
Q

All of the pathways that bring sensory information into the brain (from the PNS) or send motor information out of the brain (to the PNS) pass through the _________

A

brainstem

38
Q

the spinal cord is isolated from the peripheral nervous system and rest of the body by a set of membranes called the

A

meninges

39
Q

the spinal cord is bathed in unique extracellular fluid called the

A

cerebrospinal fluid

40
Q

Neurons or axons in the spinal cord ______ usually regenerate after they have been damaged

A

do not
- Regeneration is common after damage to axons in
the PNS

41
Q

In the spinal cord, ______ components tend to carry sensory information to the brain while ________ components tend to carry motor information
away from the brain to effectors (muscles in particular)

A

▪ Dorsal components tend to carry sensory information to
the brain

▪ Ventral components tend to carry motor information
away from the brain to effectors (muscles in particular)

42
Q

Gray matter: Mostly cell bodies mixed with __________ (unmyelinated/myelinated) axons

A

unmyelinated

43
Q

which horns of the grey matter are cell bodies of neurons that activate skeletal muscles

A

ventral horns

44
Q

which horns of the grey matter are cell bodies of neurons that relay and integrate sensory information

A

dorsal horns

45
Q

White matter is divided into columns – these are __________ axons, no cell bodies. What are the three divisions?

A

myelinated
- dorsal, lateral and ventral

46
Q

which columns of white matter contribute to proprioception (joint/limb position), vibration sense, fast pain fibres – sensory to brain

A

Dorsal columns

47
Q

which columns of white matter contribute to pain, temperature, itch – sensory to pain

A

Anterior and lateral columns

48
Q

which columns of white matter contribute to motor information to skeletal muscles

A

Anterior columns

49
Q

How does the Corticospinal Tract work?

A
  1. Motor plan formed (prefrontal cortex)
  2. Activation of neurons in the primary motor cortex (prefrontal
    lobe)
  3. Axons travel through the brainstem (medullary pyramids) and
    cross over to the opposite side
  4. Activation of primary motor neurons in the ventral horn that
    stimulate skeletal muscle contraction OR
  5. Activation of motor neurons in the ventral horn that modify
    reflexes
50
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract controls

A

fine movements of extremities

51
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract controls

A

movements of the trunk

52
Q

It’s estimated that up to ___% of corticospinal output is to “shut down” reflexes that would oppose voluntary movements

A

90

53
Q

Cerebellar modification of motor plans:

A
  • cerebellum integrates information from proprioceptors (spinocerebellar tract) and the inner ear (vestibulocerebellar tract)
  • Keeps the cerebellum “up-to-date” on the actual position of
    the body in general and specific joints

compares this information with information from the
motor “plan” generated by the frontal lobe

relayed through the pons

cerebellum “adjusts” the motor plan by communicating (via the thalamus) with the frontal lobe and refining the movements relayed by the corticospinal tract

54
Q

Proprioceptors inform the ____, the ______ and ________ in the spinal cord about the actual position of the body

A

cortex, cerebellum and neurons

55
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system:

A

proprioceptor → dorsal horn → dorsal column → thalamus → post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe

56
Q

Spinocerebellar system

A

propriceptor → dorsal horn → dorso-lateral columns → cerebellum

57
Q

A motor reflex is a fast, involuntary sequence of
muscular movements that:

A
  • do not need higher brain centres
  • are simple
  • have protective or stabilizing function
  • need to be inhibited in order to perform, purposeful, complex movements
58
Q

a proprioceptor that senses muscle stretch

A

Muscle spindle

59
Q

what happens as a muscle is stretched?

A
  • activates the muscle to contract against the stretch by stimulating the motor neuron in the ventral horn
  • inhibits the antagonist muscle

Stretch is caused by hitting the tendon with a reflex hammer

60
Q

what type of reflex helps to maintain posture

A

stretch

61
Q

type of reflex: When a tendon is stretched, the antagonist muscle contracts and the agonist relaxes

Thought to help prevent tearing the tendon during excessive force generation

A

tendon reflex

62
Q

type of reflex: In response to a painful stimulus, muscles of flexion are activated to withdraw a limb

A

Withdrawal reflex

63
Q

type of reflex: In response to an irritating stimulus, the foot plantar flexes (foot flexes “down”) and the toes curl

A

plantar reflex

64
Q

type of reflex: These are simple stretch reflexes activated by striking
the tendon with a reflex hammer → contraction of the
agonist muscle

A

Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs)

65
Q

Examples of Deep Tendon Reflexes

A

patellar reflex, triceps reflex

66
Q

Causes of absent DTRs:

A
  • normal variation (some people are really difficult to
    get reflexes from)
  • damage to sensory or motor nerves innervating the
    muscle being tested
67
Q

Causes of excessive DTRs

A
  • loss of inhibition of reflexes from higher brain centres – usually the corticospinal tract (so damage to the corticospinal tract)
68
Q

Reflexes are easier to interpret as abnormal when they are
___________ – one side greater/less than the other side

A

asymmetrical

69
Q

The plantar reflex is developed as we learn to _____. It the corticospinal tract providing specific feedback to
particular segments of the spinal cord (S1)

A

walk

70
Q

If the foot dorsiflexes and the toes spread, this indicates that the corticospinal input to the lower
limb is ____. what plantar reflex is usually an abnormal finding

A

is poor.

71
Q

Cerebellar tests include: (4)

A

▪ rapid alternating movements (RAMS)
▪ point-to-point movements (i.e. patient touches his nose then rapidly touches your finger, and repeats)
▪ heel to shin movements
▪ Gait – how coordinated is the patient’s gait?

72
Q

What to cerebellar tests rely on?

A

the ability of the cerebellum to evaluate the body’s position and provide feedback to the rest of the motor system

  • If the cerebellum has lost function, then these movements are often clumsy, uncoordinated, and slow
73
Q

what does romberg sign test evaluate?

A

evaluate the function of the
dorsal columns

Sensory input from proprioceptors to the cerebellum and the parietal cortex – key for joint and limb position sensing

74
Q

what is the romberg sign test

A

Patient stands with feet together and closes her eyes

  • If the patient loses balance and starts to fall (support the
    patient!), indicates that the dorsal columns could be damaged
  • visual input is no longer available to help the patient
    keep her balance
75
Q

Corticospinal tract damage often results in a pattern of loss of muscle strength – extensors and supinators of the arm are _______ than the pronators or flexors

A

weaker

76
Q

what is pronator drift used for? How is it done?

A

corticospinal tract test

Patient stands with arms outstretched, palms up, hand
open, eyes closed

The arm “drifts” to a more pronated position, the hand
closes, and the arm tends to descend

BMS 100 (37 decks)

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