Chemistry of Life Flashcards
how many bonds can carbon make?
4 covalent bonds
how many bonds can hydrogen make?
1 covalent bond
how many bonds can oxygen make?
can form 2 covalent bonds
how many bonds can sulfure make?
2,4 or 6
how many bonds can nitrogen make? What is an example?
3 covalent bonds (NH3 or ammonia)
how many bonds can phosphorous make?
3 but sometimes 5 because the outermost shell
connections that involve the sharing of outer shell electrons
covalent bonds
Connections that do not involve electron sharing. What are some examples?
non-covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds, van der waal forces, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions
the unequal sharing of electrons
polar
- creates positive and negative dipoles
- the atom of a bonded pair “hogs” the electron and therefore is slightly negative, making the other atom slightly positive
what determines if a bond is polar or not?
electronegativity
what is the affinity of an atom for electrons called?
electronegativity
what determines the electronegativity (3)
- the number of protons in the nucleus
- the distance of electrons from the nucleus
- the shielding of the electrons from the nucleus
if the difference in electronegativity is greater than 0.05, the sharing is ______
unequal
- the atom with the higher electronegativity will attach more electrons (be slightly negative)
Hydrogen and oxygen share electrons in a covalent bond. Which part of the water molecule will be more negative and why
The oxygen because it has a higher electronegativity
what allows for water’s unique thermal and solvent properties
hydrogen bonds
what is Amphipathic
molecule has water-liking and water-disliking properties
How can water dissolve neutral polar molecules?
aldehyde groups or H groups are going to be very soluble in water
ex. Glucose is very soluble in water (has alot of OH groups)
How can water dissolve ionic molecules?
Water is a polar solvent and has two poles one negative and another positive. The two poles of water have strong forces of attraction towards other charged ions, due to this water breaks the ionic bond by hydrogen bond formation
what are the three types of van der waal forces?
- strongest: dipole-dipole
- Dipole-induced dipole
- dipole-induced dipole-induced
attractions between oppositely charged molecule
ionic interactions
when ionic interactions occur between amino acid side chains of proteins are called _____
salt bridges
what is a 6-atom ring structure called?
pyranose
what is a 5-atom ring structure called
furanose
covalent chemical bonds that link ring-shaped sugar molecules to other molecules
Glycosidic bonds
will unsaturated or saturated fatty acids have more H’s
Unsaturated forms will have fewer H’s due to one or more double bonds
what types of bonds do amino acids form
peptide bonds
structure of a nucleotide (3)
- nitrogenous base (purine/pyrimidine)
- 5-C sugar
- phosphate group
nucleic acids form which type of bonds? What is an example of nucleic acid?
phosphodiester bond
- DNA & RNA
