Clin path Urinalysis Flashcards
What does the urinary system consist of?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
oliguria
decreased urine production
polyuria
increased urine production
pollakiuria
benign idiopathic urinary frequency
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
anuria
no urine production
isosthenuria
when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the glomerular filtrate
urochromes
urine pigments
hematuria
presence of RBC’s in the urine
hemogloburia
presence of hemoglobin in the urine
specific gravity
weight (density) of a quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal
where are the kidneys located?
the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, ust ventral to the 1st lumbar vertebrae
which animal has a right kidney that is heart-shaped?
horse
what kind of an appearance does a bovine kidney have?
lobulated appearance
what is the hilus?
it is the area where blood, lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney
what are the nephrons composed of?
renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting tubule
what 2 parts is the renal corpuscle composed of?
glomerulus
bowman’s capsule
where are plasma and waste filtered through?
glomerulus
are large proteins and cells able to pass through the glomerulus?
not unless they are damaged
what are the 4 steps of the urine formation process?
ultrafiltration
selective reabsorption
secretion
excretion
where do the collecting tubules drain?
they drain into the renal pelvis to the opening of the ureter
where and to do the ureters transport urine?
they transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
what moves the urine in the ureters?
smooth muscle contractions
how do the ureters enter the bladder?
they enter at oblique angles
what initiates contraction of the muscle wall of the urinary bladder?
spinal reflex
what controls urination in the urinary bladder?
the sphincter
what two hormones control the volume of urine produced?
ADH
aldosterone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
released from the pituitary gland
aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal cortex
when are the best urine samples taken?
in the morning or after several hours of water deprivation
what are the urine collection techniques?
free catch/voided
cystocentesis
manual expression
catheterization
which collection technique has been said to be the easiest?
free catch/ voided
what is a manual expression not recommended for?
urine culture
which patients do you not use the manual expression technique on?
obstructed urethra (blocked toms)
why would you want to avoid testing the first portion of urine from catheterization?
the sample may have increased RBC’s and epithelial cells
what size catheter is commonly used in dogs?
4 to 10 French
what size catheter is commonly used in cats?
3.5 French
what can a cystocentesis be used for?
culture and sensitivity
what is possible to have in a sample from a cystocentesis?
RBC’s may be present in the sample
why would you not want to redirect during a cystocentesis?
you could damage internal organs
when should urine be analyzed?
within the first 30 minutes to 1 hour
how long can the urine sample be refrigerated for?
6-8 hours
what can happen if the sample is not refrigerated and not examined within the first 30 minutes to 1 hour?
glucose and bilirubin concentrations will be decreased
pH will be increased
RBC’s and cast will be broken down
what does a routine analysis consist of?
volume color odor specific gravity transparency
what is often confused by the owner?
pollakiuria
polyuria
what often accompanies polyuria?
polydipsia
what can polyuria occur with?
diuretics
corticosteriodis
fluid administration
isosthenuria
when the urine specific gravity approaches that of glomerular filtrate
what can oliguria occur with?
heart disease
dehydration
shock
what can ammonia odor occur with?
cystitis
what can sweet or fruity odor occur with?
ketones
alkaline pH
above 7.0
acidic pH
below 7.0
what kind of diet produces alkaline pH?
plant-based
what kind of diet produces acidic pH?
high protein
cereal diets
meat
what animal can get transient glucosuria?
cats
how is the protein in urine measured?
reagent strips
sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test
urine protein/creatine ratio
what protein concentration amount do reagent strips detect?
30 mg/dL
what are the symptoms of a patient with proteinuria?
loss of appetite
lethargic/ weakness
vomiting
increased thirst and urine output
what could protein in the urine be an indication of?
chronic renal failure
what is recommended with increased levels of glucose?
fasting periods
ketonuria
presence of ketones
how are ketones formed?
they are formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids
what are reagent strips sensitive to?
acetoacetic acid
what are reagent strips less sensitive to?
acetone
what is first produced in ketosis?
ketones
what do reagent strips not detect?
b-hydroxybutyric acid
what are the two methods of using a chemical reagent strip?
dip into the sample
pipette onto the strip
what amount of bilirubin in a cat is considered abnormal?
any amount in a cat is considered abnormal
in the intestines, what does the bacteria convert bilirubin to?
stercobilinogen
urobilinogen
what does a hematuria sample look like?
cloudy red, brown or wine colored
what does myoglobinuria look like?
very dark brown to almost black( low concentration can look red)
