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A&P Term 2 > Clin path Urinalysis > Flashcards

Clin path Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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2
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urine production

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3
Q

polyuria

A

increased urine production

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4
Q

pollakiuria

A

benign idiopathic urinary frequency

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5
Q

dysuria

A

painful or difficult urination

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6
Q

anuria

A

no urine production

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7
Q

isosthenuria

A

when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the glomerular filtrate

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8
Q

urochromes

A

urine pigments

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9
Q

hematuria

A

presence of RBC’s in the urine

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10
Q

hemogloburia

A

presence of hemoglobin in the urine

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11
Q

specific gravity

A

weight (density) of a quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal

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12
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, ust ventral to the 1st lumbar vertebrae

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13
Q

which animal has a right kidney that is heart-shaped?

A

horse

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14
Q

what kind of an appearance does a bovine kidney have?

A

lobulated appearance

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15
Q

what is the hilus?

A

it is the area where blood, lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney

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16
Q

what are the nephrons composed of?

A 
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting tubule
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17
Q

what 2 parts is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

glomerulus

bowman’s capsule

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18
Q

where are plasma and waste filtered through?

A

glomerulus

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19
Q

are large proteins and cells able to pass through the glomerulus?

A

not unless they are damaged

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20
Q

what are the 4 steps of the urine formation process?

A

ultrafiltration
selective reabsorption
secretion
excretion

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21
Q

where do the collecting tubules drain?

A

they drain into the renal pelvis to the opening of the ureter

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22
Q

where and to do the ureters transport urine?

A

they transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

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23
Q

what moves the urine in the ureters?

A

smooth muscle contractions

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24
Q

how do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

they enter at oblique angles

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25
Q

what initiates contraction of the muscle wall of the urinary bladder?

A

spinal reflex

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26
Q

what controls urination in the urinary bladder?

A

the sphincter

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27
Q

what two hormones control the volume of urine produced?

A

ADH

aldosterone

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28
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

released from the pituitary gland

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29
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex

30
Q

when are the best urine samples taken?

A

in the morning or after several hours of water deprivation

31
Q

what are the urine collection techniques?

A

free catch/voided
cystocentesis
manual expression
catheterization

32
Q

which collection technique has been said to be the easiest?

A

free catch/ voided

33
Q

what is a manual expression not recommended for?

A

urine culture

34
Q

which patients do you not use the manual expression technique on?

A

obstructed urethra (blocked toms)

35
Q

why would you want to avoid testing the first portion of urine from catheterization?

A

the sample may have increased RBC’s and epithelial cells

36
Q

what size catheter is commonly used in dogs?

A

4 to 10 French

37
Q

what size catheter is commonly used in cats?

A

3.5 French

38
Q

what can a cystocentesis be used for?

A

culture and sensitivity

39
Q

what is possible to have in a sample from a cystocentesis?

A

RBC’s may be present in the sample

40
Q

why would you not want to redirect during a cystocentesis?

A

you could damage internal organs

41
Q

when should urine be analyzed?

A

within the first 30 minutes to 1 hour

42
Q

how long can the urine sample be refrigerated for?

A

6-8 hours

43
Q

what can happen if the sample is not refrigerated and not examined within the first 30 minutes to 1 hour?

A

glucose and bilirubin concentrations will be decreased
pH will be increased
RBC’s and cast will be broken down

44
Q

what does a routine analysis consist of?

A 
volume
color
odor
specific gravity
transparency
45
Q

what is often confused by the owner?

A

pollakiuria

polyuria

46
Q

what often accompanies polyuria?

A

polydipsia

47
Q

what can polyuria occur with?

A

diuretics
corticosteriodis
fluid administration

48
Q

isosthenuria

A

when the urine specific gravity approaches that of glomerular filtrate

49
Q

what can oliguria occur with?

A

heart disease
dehydration
shock

50
Q

what can ammonia odor occur with?

A

cystitis

51
Q

what can sweet or fruity odor occur with?

A

ketones

52
Q

alkaline pH

A

above 7.0

53
Q

acidic pH

A

below 7.0

54
Q

what kind of diet produces alkaline pH?

A

plant-based

55
Q

what kind of diet produces acidic pH?

A

high protein
cereal diets
meat

56
Q

what animal can get transient glucosuria?

A

cats

57
Q

how is the protein in urine measured?

A

reagent strips
sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test
urine protein/creatine ratio

58
Q

what protein concentration amount do reagent strips detect?

A

30 mg/dL

59
Q

what are the symptoms of a patient with proteinuria?

A

loss of appetite
lethargic/ weakness
vomiting
increased thirst and urine output

60
Q

what could protein in the urine be an indication of?

A

chronic renal failure

61
Q

what is recommended with increased levels of glucose?

A

fasting periods

62
Q

ketonuria

A

presence of ketones

63
Q

how are ketones formed?

A

they are formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids

64
Q

what are reagent strips sensitive to?

A

acetoacetic acid

65
Q

what are reagent strips less sensitive to?

A

acetone

66
Q

what is first produced in ketosis?

A

ketones

67
Q

what do reagent strips not detect?

A

b-hydroxybutyric acid

68
Q

what are the two methods of using a chemical reagent strip?

A

dip into the sample

pipette onto the strip

69
Q

what amount of bilirubin in a cat is considered abnormal?

A

any amount in a cat is considered abnormal

70
Q

in the intestines, what does the bacteria convert bilirubin to?

A

stercobilinogen

urobilinogen

71
Q

what does a hematuria sample look like?

A

cloudy red, brown or wine colored

72
Q

what does myoglobinuria look like?

A

very dark brown to almost black( low concentration can look red)

A&P Term 2 (10 decks)

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