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Clinical Pathology > Clin Path Midterm > Flashcards

Clin Path Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

When are immature blood cells seen after hemorrhage?

A

72 hours

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2
Q

What is the clinical pathology 4 days post hemorrhage?

A

macrocytic hypochromic RBCs

hypoproteinemia is still present

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3
Q

What are the 3 causes of chronic hemorrhagic anemia?

A

GI hemorrhage
bladder neoplasm
gut parasites

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4
Q

What species is prussian blue stain not useful in looking at BM iron storage?

A

cats

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5
Q

What will iron stores be like during chronic hemorrhage?

A

insufficient (when it becomes non regenerative)

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6
Q

What are the 2 tests that can be helpful in testing for blood loss anemia?

A

fecal floatation - parasites

occult blood test - tests for blood in stool

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7
Q

What shows up during intravascular hemolysis that doesn’t in extravascular?

A

heemoglobinuria

hemoglobinemia (hemaglobin in blood)

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8
Q

What sign do both intra and extravascular hemolysis show?

A

icterus

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9
Q

What situation may intra and extravascular hemolysis be happening at the same time?

A

RBC with parasites coated in Ab

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10
Q

What are the hereditary causes of hemolysis?

A

hemoglobinopathies

Enzyme deficiencies - PFK, PK and porphyria

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11
Q

What breed is genetically disposed to deficiency in phosphofructokinase enzyme?

A

english springer spaniels

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12
Q

What are hemoglobinopathies?

A

abnormailty of hemoglobin - poikilocytosis and premature removal of RBCs

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13
Q

What breeds are predisposed to pyruvate kinase deficiency?

A

Besenjis, beagles, westies, cairn terriers

live 1 to 5 years

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14
Q

What animals are predisposed to porphyrias?

A

holsteins, shorthorn cattle and swine

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15
Q

What are signs of porphyria?

A

tissues are red-brown color, UV flouresce

burns and necrosis on skin

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16
Q

What are the 3 extrinsic causes of intravascular hemolysis?

A

Lepto, bacillary hemoglobinuria (clostridium), post parturient hemoglobinuria

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17
Q

What is post parturient hemoglobinuria caused by?

A

deficiency of inorganic phosphate

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18
Q

What are some causes of extravascular hemolysis?

A

EIA, FIA, anaplasmosis, erperythrozoon, babesiosis, cytauxzoon, trypanasomosis, heartworm, heinz body hemolysis, immune mediated

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19
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is immune mediated hematologic dz?

A

Type 2

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20
Q

What clinical signs are present during immune mediated neutropenia?

A

recurrent infections, persistent fevers (severe persistent neutropenia)

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21
Q

What is the best known example of immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

neonatal isoerythrolysis (from mares antibody to foals RBCs)

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22
Q

What clinical pathology abnormalities are present during immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

RBC regeneration
icterus
agglutination of RBCs
spherocytes

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23
Q

What other tests can be done for hemolytic anemia?

A

saline dilution test
coomb’s test - tests for Ab on Rbcs
minor cross match - mares serum w/ foals rbcs

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24
Q

What are the different outcomes of the saline dilution test?

A

Positive = RBCs remain agglutinated - rules out inflammation/dehydration
Negative: RBCs dispersed

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25
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

absence of alpha, beta or gamma globin

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26
Q

What is the life span of a platelet?

A

8 to 12 days

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27
Q

What are the 2 immune mediated hematologic diseases of platelets?

A

IMT (immune mediated thrombocytopenia)

ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura)

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28
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings in immune mediated hematologic disease of platelets?

A

thrombocytopenia - severe
increased MPV (mean platelet volume)
hypercellular bone marrow

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29
Q

What is Evan’s disease?

A

concurrent ITP and IMHA

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30
Q

What are the clinical findings of appropriate RBC regeneration via the erythroleukemic response?

A

leukocytosis
RBC regeneration
reactive thrombocytosis

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31
Q

What are the signs of inappropriate RBC regeneration?

A

NRBCs

+/- basophilic stippling

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32
Q

What are the 4 causes of inappropriate RBC regeneration?

A

lead poisoning in dogs
myeloproliferative disease
BM toxicity
chronic hypoxia in animals with CHF (congestive heart failure)

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33
Q

What are the polymorphonuclear cells?

A

neutros, eosins, basophils

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34
Q

What are the mononuclear cells?

A

lymphos and monos

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35
Q

What are neutrophils called in birds and reptiles?

A

heterophils - granules are prominent

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36
Q

What can eosinophils do to mast cells?

A

inhibit degranulation (antihistaminic)

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37
Q

Where are monocytes specialized?

A

chronic/granulomatous inflammation

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38
Q

How can you calculate WBC count from a smear?

A

number of WBC in 10 fields x1.5

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39
Q

Which species has the highest WBC count? lowest?

A

high - pigs

low - cows and sheep

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40
Q

What are the most numerous WBCs?

A

neutrophils and lymphocytes

41
Q

Which species have more lymphocytes than neutrophils?

A

Pigs, cattle, sheep and goats

42
Q

Which species have large granulocyte bone marrow storage pools?

A

dogs and cats (rodents, birds, marine mammals)

43
Q

What is the typical physiological pattern of leukocytosis (e.g. excited cat)?

A

mild leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + lymphocytosis

44
Q

What is the typical pattern of corticosteroid induced leukocytosis?

A

mild/moderate leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + LYMPHOPENIA + eosinopenia

45
Q

What is the typical pattern of inflammation/necrosis induced leukocytosis?

A

moderate-severe leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + left shift + monocytosis

46
Q

Which species is leukocytosis common and not very significant?

A

dog, pig

47
Q

Which species is leukocytosis very uncommon without inflammation?

A

horse

48
Q

Which species gets leukopenia instead of leukocytosis during inflammation?

A

cattle

49
Q

What is epinephrine induced neutrophilia called?

A

pseudoneutrophilia

50
Q

What are the main causes of neutrophilia?

A

inflammation, epinephrine, stress, hemopoietic neoplasia

51
Q

What characterizes a regenerative left shift?

A

WBC count is raised with more mature than immature neutrophils

52
Q

What are the 2 criteria for a degenerative left shift?

A

WBC count is normal or low, more immature than mature

53
Q

What characterizes acute inflammation?

A

moderate/severe leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift

Cows - leukopenia

54
Q

What characterizes per acute inflammation leukogram?

A

usually leukopenia (all are marginating)

55
Q

What characterizes chronic inflammation leukogram?

A

leukocytosis with mature neutrophilia and MONOCYTOSIS, +/- left shift

56
Q

What is it called when leukograms resemble granulocytic leukemia caused by inflammation in mostly dogs?

A

leukemoid reactions

57
Q

What are the most common causes of leukemoid reactions?

A

Pyometra, chronic active peritonitis, hepatazoon canis, IMHA, neoplasms

58
Q

What is the cause of decreased release of neutrophils from BM during neutropenia?

A

decreaased progenitor cells or dysgranulopoiesis (drugs, MPD)

59
Q

What are the 4 causes of neutropenia?

A

B - bone marrow
M- Increased Margination
D - destruction of WBC in blood
M - loss of WBC to marginated pool

60
Q

What do toxic neutrophils indicate?

A

severe/acute inflammatory reactions - toxins damaging neutrophils

61
Q

What is it called when by inherited disorder, there are hyposegmented neutrophils?

A

Pelger Huet anomaly

62
Q

How many lobes does a neutrophil get if it’s “hypersegmented”?

A

more than 4/5

63
Q

Which breed gets “Chediak-Higashi” syndrome?

A

persian cats

64
Q

Which breed gets neutrophil adhesion defect?

A

irish setters and holstein cows

65
Q

Which breeds get neutrophil bactericidal defect?

A

doberman and rottweiler

66
Q

Which breed can get cyclic hemopoiesis?

A

gray collies

67
Q

What leukogram may indicate hypoadrenocorticism?

A

lack of lymphopenia in severely stressed dog

68
Q

What is a reactive lymphocyte?

A

B lympho secreting antibodies

69
Q

What do reactive lymphocytes look like?

A

basophilic cytoplasm, clumped nuclear chromatin, bigger than normal

70
Q

What are the common causes of lymphopenia?

A

STRESS, cushings, some viruses, immunosuppresants,

71
Q

What are the causes of eosinophilia?

A

Parasitism, hypersensitivity, inflammation of organ that has mast cells, mast cell tumor

72
Q

What are the causes of basophilia?

A

associated with IgE mediated disorders

73
Q

What kind of inflammation causes monocytosis?

A

chronic or granulomatous inflammation

74
Q

What may eosinopenia be used to describe?

A

serial blood samples - persistantly low, cushings

75
Q

What are the real hallmarks of infection, inflammation or necrosis in a leukogram?

A

Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, monocytosis if chronic

76
Q

What cells does myeloproliferative disease effect?

A

all except lymphocytes

77
Q

What is acute MPD characterized by?

A

30% or more blast cells in marrow

78
Q

What is chronic MPD characterized by?

A

predominance of mature cells

79
Q

What is myelophthsis?

A

overgrowth of neoplastic cell can wipe out other cell precursors

80
Q

What should be ruled out before diagnosing myeloproliferative disease?

A

inflammation/infection, coagulation defects, organ defects

81
Q

What cells are affected by myellomonocytic sarcoma? What species gets it?

A

granulocytes AND monocytes

dogs

82
Q

What are the clinical findings of myelomonocytic sarcoma?

A

leukocytosis, mature or immature blast/unclassifiable cells. Myelophthisis can cause anemia

83
Q

What are the signs of “early” in the cell line megakaryocytic sarcoma?

A

thrombocytopenia, neoplastic megakaryocytes –> myelophthsis –> aplastic anemia or leukemia

84
Q

What are the signs of late megakaryocytic sarcoma?

A

thrombocytosis and giant platelets –> thrombosis or myelophthsis

85
Q

What are the most frequent findings in myeloproliferative disorder?

A

non regenerative anemia, leukocytosis

86
Q

What are the signs of myelodysplastic syndrome in the blood?

A

cytopenia of affected cell and perhaps abnormal cell morphology

87
Q

How is MDS differentiated from acute MPD?

A

MDS - less than 30% blast cells in BM

88
Q

How is MDS differentiated from chronic MPD?

A

MDS - persistent peripheral leukopenia (MPS will have severe leukocytosis)

89
Q

Which species are prone to pseudothrombocytopenia?

A

cats, pigs, horses

90
Q

What are the CS of Chediak-higashi syndrome?

A

neutrophils w/ large granules - poor fxn

albinism and platelet problems

91
Q

List species that get lymphomas most commonly to least commonly.

A

Cats and dogs>cow>horse

92
Q

What are the 2 systemic effects of lymphoproliferative disease?

A

anorexia and cachexia

93
Q

Which species does lymphocytic leukemia only occur in terminal stages of LPD??

A

dog

94
Q

What does cutaneous LPD in dogs produce?

A

crusty whorls on skin

95
Q

What does the mediastinal form of LPD cause in dogs?

A

exercise intolerance

96
Q

What form of lymphoma do cats get? What causes it?

A

thymic, alimentary

FeLV and FIV

97
Q

Where do plasmacytomas occur?

A

skin/mucosa (benign)

98
Q

Where do plasma cell myelomas occur?

A

bone marrow (malignant)

Clinical Pathology (7 decks)

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