Clin Path Midterm Flashcards
When are immature blood cells seen after hemorrhage?
72 hours
What is the clinical pathology 4 days post hemorrhage?
macrocytic hypochromic RBCs
hypoproteinemia is still present
What are the 3 causes of chronic hemorrhagic anemia?
GI hemorrhage
bladder neoplasm
gut parasites
What species is prussian blue stain not useful in looking at BM iron storage?
cats
What will iron stores be like during chronic hemorrhage?
insufficient (when it becomes non regenerative)
What are the 2 tests that can be helpful in testing for blood loss anemia?
fecal floatation - parasites
occult blood test - tests for blood in stool
What shows up during intravascular hemolysis that doesn’t in extravascular?
heemoglobinuria
hemoglobinemia (hemaglobin in blood)
What sign do both intra and extravascular hemolysis show?
icterus
What situation may intra and extravascular hemolysis be happening at the same time?
RBC with parasites coated in Ab
What are the hereditary causes of hemolysis?
hemoglobinopathies
Enzyme deficiencies - PFK, PK and porphyria
What breed is genetically disposed to deficiency in phosphofructokinase enzyme?
english springer spaniels
What are hemoglobinopathies?
abnormailty of hemoglobin - poikilocytosis and premature removal of RBCs
What breeds are predisposed to pyruvate kinase deficiency?
Besenjis, beagles, westies, cairn terriers
live 1 to 5 years
What animals are predisposed to porphyrias?
holsteins, shorthorn cattle and swine
What are signs of porphyria?
tissues are red-brown color, UV flouresce
burns and necrosis on skin
What are the 3 extrinsic causes of intravascular hemolysis?
Lepto, bacillary hemoglobinuria (clostridium), post parturient hemoglobinuria
What is post parturient hemoglobinuria caused by?
deficiency of inorganic phosphate
What are some causes of extravascular hemolysis?
EIA, FIA, anaplasmosis, erperythrozoon, babesiosis, cytauxzoon, trypanasomosis, heartworm, heinz body hemolysis, immune mediated
What type of hypersensitivity is immune mediated hematologic dz?
Type 2
What clinical signs are present during immune mediated neutropenia?
recurrent infections, persistent fevers (severe persistent neutropenia)
What is the best known example of immune mediated hemolytic anemia?
neonatal isoerythrolysis (from mares antibody to foals RBCs)
What clinical pathology abnormalities are present during immune mediated hemolytic anemia?
RBC regeneration
icterus
agglutination of RBCs
spherocytes
What other tests can be done for hemolytic anemia?
saline dilution test
coomb’s test - tests for Ab on Rbcs
minor cross match - mares serum w/ foals rbcs
What are the different outcomes of the saline dilution test?
Positive = RBCs remain agglutinated - rules out inflammation/dehydration
Negative: RBCs dispersed
What is thalassemia?
absence of alpha, beta or gamma globin
What is the life span of a platelet?
8 to 12 days
What are the 2 immune mediated hematologic diseases of platelets?
IMT (immune mediated thrombocytopenia)
ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura)
What are the clinical pathology findings in immune mediated hematologic disease of platelets?
thrombocytopenia - severe
increased MPV (mean platelet volume)
hypercellular bone marrow
What is Evan’s disease?
concurrent ITP and IMHA
What are the clinical findings of appropriate RBC regeneration via the erythroleukemic response?
leukocytosis
RBC regeneration
reactive thrombocytosis
What are the signs of inappropriate RBC regeneration?
NRBCs
+/- basophilic stippling
What are the 4 causes of inappropriate RBC regeneration?
lead poisoning in dogs
myeloproliferative disease
BM toxicity
chronic hypoxia in animals with CHF (congestive heart failure)
What are the polymorphonuclear cells?
neutros, eosins, basophils
What are the mononuclear cells?
lymphos and monos
What are neutrophils called in birds and reptiles?
heterophils - granules are prominent
What can eosinophils do to mast cells?
inhibit degranulation (antihistaminic)
Where are monocytes specialized?
chronic/granulomatous inflammation
How can you calculate WBC count from a smear?
number of WBC in 10 fields x1.5
Which species has the highest WBC count? lowest?
high - pigs
low - cows and sheep
What are the most numerous WBCs?
neutrophils and lymphocytes
Which species have more lymphocytes than neutrophils?
Pigs, cattle, sheep and goats
Which species have large granulocyte bone marrow storage pools?
dogs and cats (rodents, birds, marine mammals)
What is the typical physiological pattern of leukocytosis (e.g. excited cat)?
mild leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + lymphocytosis
What is the typical pattern of corticosteroid induced leukocytosis?
mild/moderate leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + LYMPHOPENIA + eosinopenia
What is the typical pattern of inflammation/necrosis induced leukocytosis?
moderate-severe leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + left shift + monocytosis
Which species is leukocytosis common and not very significant?
dog, pig
Which species is leukocytosis very uncommon without inflammation?
horse
Which species gets leukopenia instead of leukocytosis during inflammation?
cattle
What is epinephrine induced neutrophilia called?
pseudoneutrophilia
What are the main causes of neutrophilia?
inflammation, epinephrine, stress, hemopoietic neoplasia
What characterizes a regenerative left shift?
WBC count is raised with more mature than immature neutrophils
What are the 2 criteria for a degenerative left shift?
WBC count is normal or low, more immature than mature
What characterizes acute inflammation?
moderate/severe leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift
Cows - leukopenia
What characterizes per acute inflammation leukogram?
usually leukopenia (all are marginating)
What characterizes chronic inflammation leukogram?
leukocytosis with mature neutrophilia and MONOCYTOSIS, +/- left shift
What is it called when leukograms resemble granulocytic leukemia caused by inflammation in mostly dogs?
leukemoid reactions
What are the most common causes of leukemoid reactions?
Pyometra, chronic active peritonitis, hepatazoon canis, IMHA, neoplasms
What is the cause of decreased release of neutrophils from BM during neutropenia?
decreaased progenitor cells or dysgranulopoiesis (drugs, MPD)
What are the 4 causes of neutropenia?
B - bone marrow
M- Increased Margination
D - destruction of WBC in blood
M - loss of WBC to marginated pool
What do toxic neutrophils indicate?
severe/acute inflammatory reactions - toxins damaging neutrophils
What is it called when by inherited disorder, there are hyposegmented neutrophils?
Pelger Huet anomaly
How many lobes does a neutrophil get if it’s “hypersegmented”?
more than 4/5
Which breed gets “Chediak-Higashi” syndrome?
persian cats
Which breed gets neutrophil adhesion defect?
irish setters and holstein cows
Which breeds get neutrophil bactericidal defect?
doberman and rottweiler
Which breed can get cyclic hemopoiesis?
gray collies
What leukogram may indicate hypoadrenocorticism?
lack of lymphopenia in severely stressed dog
What is a reactive lymphocyte?
B lympho secreting antibodies
What do reactive lymphocytes look like?
basophilic cytoplasm, clumped nuclear chromatin, bigger than normal
What are the common causes of lymphopenia?
STRESS, cushings, some viruses, immunosuppresants,
What are the causes of eosinophilia?
Parasitism, hypersensitivity, inflammation of organ that has mast cells, mast cell tumor
What are the causes of basophilia?
associated with IgE mediated disorders
What kind of inflammation causes monocytosis?
chronic or granulomatous inflammation
What may eosinopenia be used to describe?
serial blood samples - persistantly low, cushings
What are the real hallmarks of infection, inflammation or necrosis in a leukogram?
Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, monocytosis if chronic
What cells does myeloproliferative disease effect?
all except lymphocytes
What is acute MPD characterized by?
30% or more blast cells in marrow
What is chronic MPD characterized by?
predominance of mature cells
What is myelophthsis?
overgrowth of neoplastic cell can wipe out other cell precursors
What should be ruled out before diagnosing myeloproliferative disease?
inflammation/infection, coagulation defects, organ defects
What cells are affected by myellomonocytic sarcoma? What species gets it?
granulocytes AND monocytes
dogs
What are the clinical findings of myelomonocytic sarcoma?
leukocytosis, mature or immature blast/unclassifiable cells. Myelophthisis can cause anemia
What are the signs of “early” in the cell line megakaryocytic sarcoma?
thrombocytopenia, neoplastic megakaryocytes –> myelophthsis –> aplastic anemia or leukemia
What are the signs of late megakaryocytic sarcoma?
thrombocytosis and giant platelets –> thrombosis or myelophthsis
What are the most frequent findings in myeloproliferative disorder?
non regenerative anemia, leukocytosis
What are the signs of myelodysplastic syndrome in the blood?
cytopenia of affected cell and perhaps abnormal cell morphology
How is MDS differentiated from acute MPD?
MDS - less than 30% blast cells in BM
How is MDS differentiated from chronic MPD?
MDS - persistent peripheral leukopenia (MPS will have severe leukocytosis)
Which species are prone to pseudothrombocytopenia?
cats, pigs, horses
What are the CS of Chediak-higashi syndrome?
neutrophils w/ large granules - poor fxn
albinism and platelet problems
List species that get lymphomas most commonly to least commonly.
Cats and dogs>cow>horse
What are the 2 systemic effects of lymphoproliferative disease?
anorexia and cachexia
Which species does lymphocytic leukemia only occur in terminal stages of LPD??
dog
What does cutaneous LPD in dogs produce?
crusty whorls on skin
What does the mediastinal form of LPD cause in dogs?
exercise intolerance
What form of lymphoma do cats get? What causes it?
thymic, alimentary
FeLV and FIV
Where do plasmacytomas occur?
skin/mucosa (benign)
Where do plasma cell myelomas occur?
bone marrow (malignant)
