Clin Path Final - Kumthekar TS

Question 0

What lipids are responsible for lipemia (haziness in serum)?

Answer 0

high triglycerides and VLDL (not high cholesterol)

Question 1

What is the term for increase in circulating lipids, increased triglycerides and/or increased cholesterol?

Answer 1

hyperlipidemia

Question 2

When does psysiological hyperlipidemia reach its peak?

Answer 2

4-6 hours after eating

Question 3

What breeds are subject to idiopathic primary hyperlipidemia?

Answer 3

schnauzers and beagles

Question 4

What hereditary disease in cats is a defect in lipoprotein lipase causing primary hyperlipidemia?

Answer 4

idiopathic hyperchylomicronemia

Question 5

What are the most common causes of secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs and cats?

Answer 5

endocrine disorders - DM, hypothyroid, hyperadrenocorticocism

Question 6

What kind of horses get irreversible metabolic disorders from hyperlipidemia?

Answer 6

small fat ponies

Question 7

What are the clinical findings in small fat ponies with hyperlipidemia?

Answer 7

blood turbid
high GGT, AST, Gld, BA
blood cholesterol and triglycerides high
fatty infilatration of liver

Question 8

What are the routine lab findings of fatty liver dz in cattle?

Answer 8

raised liver enzymes and BA
ketonemia, ketonuria,
low albumin, Mg
high FFA and triglycerides

Question 9

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

Answer 9

acetone, acetoacetic acid and B hydroxybutyric acid (BHB)

Question 10

What can cause primary ketosis in sheep and cattle?

Answer 10

sheep - twins

cattle - complication of fatty liver

Question 11

When diseases cause secondary ketoses?

Answer 11

any other dz causing anorexia and hypoglycemia

Question 13

What are the lab findings in ketosis?

Answer 13

ketonuria, excess BHB in blood, hypoglycemia

Question 14

In which species does ketosis usually accompany hyperglycemia?

Answer 14

cats and dogs with DM

Question 15

How can you differentiate transient hyperglycemia from endocrine associated hyperglycemia?

Answer 15

transient will have no glucosuria

Question 16

What other disorders besides diabetes will cause a hyperglycemia?

Answer 16

cushings, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism, pituatary dysfunction in horses, pheochromocytoma and milk fever in cattle

Question 17

What can cause hyperglycemia besides endocrine and transient causes?

Answer 17

enterotoxemia in sheep

Question 18

Which neoplasm will cause a hypoglycemia?

Answer 18

insulinoma

Question 19

Does endotoxemic sepsis cause hypo or hyperglycemia?

Answer 19

hypo

Question 20

What are the 3 routine lab findings in DM?

Answer 20

hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketonuria

Question 21

What does hyperglycemia during diabetes mellitus need to be differentiated from?

Answer 21

primary renal glycosuria - fanconis syndrome

Question 22

What test is done for latent/equivocal cases for diabetes mellitus?

Answer 22

glucose tolerance test

Question 23

What are the outcomes of the glucose tolerance test for a healthy dog? diabetic dog?

Answer 23

healthy - glucose doubles at 2 hours, recedes at 5 hours

diabetic - glucose peak higher, remains above baseline

Question 24

What test indicated glucose control over prior 3-4 weeks in dog and cat?

Answer 24

serum fructosamine

Question 25

What test indicates glucose control over 6-8 weeks in dog and cat?

Answer 25

serum glycosylated Hb

Question 26

What species get insulinomas?

Answer 26

dogs and ferrets

Question 27

What test is used for insulinomas besides hypoglycemia?

Answer 27

insulin to glucose ratio

Question 28

What is the primary cause of cushings disease in dogs?

Answer 28

pituatary based (80%)

Question 29

What are 2 screening tests for cushings dz? What can give a false positive result in both?

Answer 29

Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme heat resistance urine cortisol/creatinine ratio false positive - stress

Question 30

What are 2 diagnostic tests for cushings disease?

Answer 30

Low dose dexamethasone suppression test | ACTH stimulation test

Question 31

What are the normal and cushings results for low does dexamethasone suppression test?

Answer 31

normal - basal cortisol varies (suppressed) | cushings - basal cortisol high (not suppressed)

Question 32

What test also monitors cushings, detects iatrogenic cushings, and diagnoses addisons disease?

Answer 32

ACTH stimulation test

Question 33

What test will determine if a dog has pituatary based cushings if the result is suppression?

Answer 33

high dose dexamethasone suppression

Question 34

What characterizes addison's crisis?

Answer 34

bradycardia, CV collapse, shock, dehydration

Question 35

What are the 2 most important routine lab findings in addisons disease?

Answer 35

high blood K low blood Na Na/K ratio = <15/1

Question 36

What is the definitive test for hypoadrenocorticocism?

Answer 36

ACTH stimulation (pre and post cortisol is low)

Question 37

What are the routine lab findings for diabetes insipidus?

Answer 37

consistently very low urine SG (1.001-1.006)

Question 38

What test differentiates between nephrogenic and central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 38

water deprivation/vasopressin test

Question 39

What are routine clinical findings in dogs with hypothyroidism?

Answer 39

hyperlipidemia, cholesterol, non regen anemia | possible raised AP and CPK

Question 40

Which test has good specificity for hypothyroid?

Answer 40

total T4

Question 41

What else should be tested if a dog has low T4?

Answer 41

measure antibodies to T4, T3 increased serum TSH adds specificity decreased fT4 highly specific

Question 42

What is the best ratio to measure for hypothyroid?

Answer 42

fT4/TSH ratio (instead of tT4/TSH)

Question 43

What semi-diagnostic test is used for hypothyroid?

Answer 43

TRH or TSH stimulation (give hormone, no increase -> hypothyroid)

Question 44

How can you differentiate between lymphocytic thyroiditis and thyroid atrophy in a hypothyroid dog?

Answer 44

positive TgAA test indicates lymphocytic thyroidits

Question 45

What other diseases MUST be considered for a dog with low tT4?

Answer 45

hyper/hypoadrenocorticocism, severe pyoderma, DM, chronic renal failure, liver dz

Question 46

What causes hypothyroidism in large animals?

Answer 46

iodine deficiency or deficiency 2ry to goitrogens (brassica) | horses-very unusual

Question 47

What are the clinical signs of cattle with hypothyroidism?

Answer 47

neonates - stillborn, weak, goitrous, edematous

Question 48

What are the CS of horses with hypothyroid?

Answer 48

obesity and musculoskeletal dz

Question 49

How is hypothyroid diagnosed in large animals?

Answer 49

blood lvls of inorganic iodines or tT4 of a representative group

Question 50

What is a common histo finding of feline hyperthyroidism?

Answer 50

adenomatous hyperplasia

Question 51

What are the routine lab findings of a hyperthyroid cat?

Answer 51

ALT + ALP - mild increases erythrocytosis, leukocytosis Raised Urea + Creatinine (age related)

Question 52

What can be used to confirm equivocal cases of feline hyperthyroid?

Answer 52

T3 suppression test

Question 53

When can primary hypoparathyroidism occur in dogs? cats?

Answer 53

dogs - rare - autoimmune, neoplasia | cats - iatrogenic

Question 54

What are the lab findings in hypoparathyroidism? How is it diagnosed?

Answer 54

hypocalcemia, hyperphosphotemia | measure PTH levels (frozen)

Question 55

What are examples of functional hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 55

common - milk fever, eclampsia

Question 56

How can you diagnose fxnal hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 56

very low blood Ca and often mild low PO4 or Mg

Question 57

What is the most common 2ry hyperparathyroidism? How is it diagnosed?

Answer 57

``` renal - inable to excrete phosphorus high PTH (Ca + P not diagnostic) ```

Question 58

What should not be used when taking samples for calcium analysis?

Answer 58

EDTA or binders (citrate)

Question 59

What protein can cause fluctuations in total calcium without influencing ionized calcium?

Answer 59

albumin (50% of Ca is bound to it)

Question 60

What chemistry factor affects free calcium?

Answer 60

pH (acidosis = increased free calcium)

Question 61

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in small animals?

Answer 61

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

Question 62

What is the most common cause of hypocalcemia in dogs?

Answer 62

hypoalbuminemia

Question 63

What can cause hypocalcemia in both dogs and cats?

Answer 63

acute pancreatitis, primary hypoparathyroidism,

Question 64

What is the most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in dogs and cats?

Answer 64

renal dz

Question 65

What is the most important cause of hypophosphatemia in cattle?

Answer 65

post parturient hemoglobinuria

Question 66

Why is hypomagnesium often associated with hypocalcemia?

Answer 66

Mg prevents PTH release

Question 67

What causes hypomagnesia in ruminants?

Answer 67

dietary deficiency - grass tetany, fertilizers

Question 68

What are the causes of hypomagnesia in small animals?

Answer 68

renal loss (most common), diarrhea, grass tetany

Question 69

What are the clinical signs and findings with hypomagnesia?

Answer 69

concurrent hypocalcemia, blood and urine have low Mg

Question 70

What is the most important cause of hypermagnesia?

Answer 70

decreased urinary excretion (renal failure) | others - hemolysis, absorption, milk fever