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Clinical Pathology > Clin Path Final - Kumthekar TS > Flashcards

Clin Path Final - Kumthekar TS Flashcards

0
Q

What lipids are responsible for lipemia (haziness in serum)?

A

high triglycerides and VLDL (not high cholesterol)

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1
Q

What is the term for increase in circulating lipids, increased triglycerides and/or increased cholesterol?

A

hyperlipidemia

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2
Q

When does psysiological hyperlipidemia reach its peak?

A

4-6 hours after eating

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3
Q

What breeds are subject to idiopathic primary hyperlipidemia?

A

schnauzers and beagles

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4
Q

What hereditary disease in cats is a defect in lipoprotein lipase causing primary hyperlipidemia?

A

idiopathic hyperchylomicronemia

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5
Q

What are the most common causes of secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs and cats?

A

endocrine disorders - DM, hypothyroid, hyperadrenocorticocism

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6
Q

What kind of horses get irreversible metabolic disorders from hyperlipidemia?

A

small fat ponies

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7
Q

What are the clinical findings in small fat ponies with hyperlipidemia?

A

blood turbid
high GGT, AST, Gld, BA
blood cholesterol and triglycerides high
fatty infilatration of liver

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8
Q

What are the routine lab findings of fatty liver dz in cattle?

A

raised liver enzymes and BA
ketonemia, ketonuria,
low albumin, Mg
high FFA and triglycerides

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9
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

A

acetone, acetoacetic acid and B hydroxybutyric acid (BHB)

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10
Q

What can cause primary ketosis in sheep and cattle?

A

sheep - twins

cattle - complication of fatty liver

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11
Q

When diseases cause secondary ketoses?

A

any other dz causing anorexia and hypoglycemia

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13
Q

What are the lab findings in ketosis?

A

ketonuria, excess BHB in blood, hypoglycemia

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14
Q

In which species does ketosis usually accompany hyperglycemia?

A

cats and dogs with DM

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15
Q

How can you differentiate transient hyperglycemia from endocrine associated hyperglycemia?

A

transient will have no glucosuria

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16
Q

What other disorders besides diabetes will cause a hyperglycemia?

A

cushings, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism, pituatary dysfunction in horses, pheochromocytoma and milk fever in cattle

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17
Q

What can cause hyperglycemia besides endocrine and transient causes?

A

enterotoxemia in sheep

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18
Q

Which neoplasm will cause a hypoglycemia?

A

insulinoma

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19
Q

Does endotoxemic sepsis cause hypo or hyperglycemia?

A

hypo

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20
Q

What are the 3 routine lab findings in DM?

A

hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketonuria

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21
Q

What does hyperglycemia during diabetes mellitus need to be differentiated from?

A

primary renal glycosuria - fanconis syndrome

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22
Q

What test is done for latent/equivocal cases for diabetes mellitus?

A

glucose tolerance test

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23
Q

What are the outcomes of the glucose tolerance test for a healthy dog? diabetic dog?

A

healthy - glucose doubles at 2 hours, recedes at 5 hours

diabetic - glucose peak higher, remains above baseline

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24
Q

What test indicated glucose control over prior 3-4 weeks in dog and cat?

A

serum fructosamine

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25
Q

What test indicates glucose control over 6-8 weeks in dog and cat?

A

serum glycosylated Hb

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26
Q

What species get insulinomas?

A

dogs and ferrets

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27
Q

What test is used for insulinomas besides hypoglycemia?

A

insulin to glucose ratio

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28
Q

What is the primary cause of cushings disease in dogs?

A

pituatary based (80%)

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29
Q

What are 2 screening tests for cushings dz? What can give a false positive result in both?

A

Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme heat resistance
urine cortisol/creatinine ratio
false positive - stress

30
Q

What are 2 diagnostic tests for cushings disease?

A

Low dose dexamethasone suppression test

ACTH stimulation test

31
Q

What are the normal and cushings results for low does dexamethasone suppression test?

A

normal - basal cortisol varies (suppressed)

cushings - basal cortisol high (not suppressed)

32
Q

What test also monitors cushings, detects iatrogenic cushings, and diagnoses addisons disease?

A

ACTH stimulation test

33
Q

What test will determine if a dog has pituatary based cushings if the result is suppression?

A

high dose dexamethasone suppression

34
Q

What characterizes addison’s crisis?

A

bradycardia, CV collapse, shock, dehydration

35
Q

What are the 2 most important routine lab findings in addisons disease?

A

high blood K
low blood Na
Na/K ratio = <15/1

36
Q

What is the definitive test for hypoadrenocorticocism?

A

ACTH stimulation (pre and post cortisol is low)

37
Q

What are the routine lab findings for diabetes insipidus?

A

consistently very low urine SG (1.001-1.006)

38
Q

What test differentiates between nephrogenic and central diabetes insipidus?

A

water deprivation/vasopressin test

39
Q

What are routine clinical findings in dogs with hypothyroidism?

A

hyperlipidemia, cholesterol, non regen anemia

possible raised AP and CPK

40
Q

Which test has good specificity for hypothyroid?

A

total T4

41
Q

What else should be tested if a dog has low T4?

A

measure antibodies to T4, T3
increased serum TSH adds specificity
decreased fT4 highly specific

42
Q

What is the best ratio to measure for hypothyroid?

A

fT4/TSH ratio (instead of tT4/TSH)

43
Q

What semi-diagnostic test is used for hypothyroid?

A

TRH or TSH stimulation (give hormone, no increase -> hypothyroid)

44
Q

How can you differentiate between lymphocytic thyroiditis and thyroid atrophy in a hypothyroid dog?

A

positive TgAA test indicates lymphocytic thyroidits

45
Q

What other diseases MUST be considered for a dog with low tT4?

A

hyper/hypoadrenocorticocism, severe pyoderma, DM, chronic renal failure, liver dz

46
Q

What causes hypothyroidism in large animals?

A

iodine deficiency or deficiency 2ry to goitrogens (brassica)

horses-very unusual

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of cattle with hypothyroidism?

A

neonates - stillborn, weak, goitrous, edematous

48
Q

What are the CS of horses with hypothyroid?

A

obesity and musculoskeletal dz

49
Q

How is hypothyroid diagnosed in large animals?

A

blood lvls of inorganic iodines or tT4 of a representative group

50
Q

What is a common histo finding of feline hyperthyroidism?

A

adenomatous hyperplasia

51
Q

What are the routine lab findings of a hyperthyroid cat?

A

ALT + ALP - mild increases
erythrocytosis, leukocytosis
Raised Urea + Creatinine (age related)

52
Q

What can be used to confirm equivocal cases of feline hyperthyroid?

A

T3 suppression test

53
Q

When can primary hypoparathyroidism occur in dogs? cats?

A

dogs - rare - autoimmune, neoplasia

cats - iatrogenic

54
Q

What are the lab findings in hypoparathyroidism? How is it diagnosed?

A

hypocalcemia, hyperphosphotemia

measure PTH levels (frozen)

55
Q

What are examples of functional hypoparathyroidism?

A

common - milk fever, eclampsia

56
Q

How can you diagnose fxnal hypoparathyroidism?

A

very low blood Ca and often mild low PO4 or Mg

57
Q

What is the most common 2ry hyperparathyroidism? How is it diagnosed?

A 
renal - inable to excrete phosphorus
high PTH (Ca + P not diagnostic)
58
Q

What should not be used when taking samples for calcium analysis?

A

EDTA or binders (citrate)

59
Q

What protein can cause fluctuations in total calcium without influencing ionized calcium?

A

albumin (50% of Ca is bound to it)

60
Q

What chemistry factor affects free calcium?

A

pH (acidosis = increased free calcium)

61
Q

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in small animals?

A

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

62
Q

What is the most common cause of hypocalcemia in dogs?

A

hypoalbuminemia

63
Q

What can cause hypocalcemia in both dogs and cats?

A

acute pancreatitis, primary hypoparathyroidism,

64
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in dogs and cats?

A

renal dz

65
Q

What is the most important cause of hypophosphatemia in cattle?

A

post parturient hemoglobinuria

66
Q

Why is hypomagnesium often associated with hypocalcemia?

A

Mg prevents PTH release

67
Q

What causes hypomagnesia in ruminants?

A

dietary deficiency - grass tetany, fertilizers

68
Q

What are the causes of hypomagnesia in small animals?

A

renal loss (most common), diarrhea, grass tetany

69
Q

What are the clinical signs and findings with hypomagnesia?

A

concurrent hypocalcemia, blood and urine have low Mg

70
Q

What is the most important cause of hypermagnesia?

A

decreased urinary excretion (renal failure)

others - hemolysis, absorption, milk fever

Clinical Pathology (7 decks)

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