clin path 2: Cytology

Question 1

pure transudate

Answer 1

due to hypoalbuminemia

Question 2

modified transudate

Answer 2

die to impaired blood or lymph flow

Question 3

true exudate

Answer 3

inflammation and apillary permeability

Question 4

a fluid that is clear in appearance with a total protein of <3d/dl, fewer that 6000 NC and no clotting can only be defines as a?

Answer 4

transudate

Question 5

a fluid that is cloudy, with greater that 3 g/dl of protein and more that 6000 NCC/ ul, that clots can only be defined as an___

Answer 5

exudate

Question 6

you suspect uroabdomen from swishy noises herd in the abdomen. What test can you run

Answer 6

creatinine or BUN. Creatinine is better because it does not equilibriate as fast as urea does

Question 7

if you suspect a chylous effusion what can you run?

Answer 7

triglyerides

Question 8

if you suspect bile leakage what can you test

Answer 8

bilirubin

Question 9

you note inflammation, and upon cytology you see neutrophils. Whats that called?

Answer 9

suppurative/neutrophilic

Question 10

you see a bunch of different WBCs in an inflammatory process, whats that called

Answer 10

mixed inflammation

Question 11

you note inflammation, and upon cytology you note macrophages and lymphs are dominating the slide. Whats that called?

Answer 11

mononuclear inflammation

Question 12

case:

you have a cat that comes in with lethargy and dyspnea. You cannot hear lung sounds, so you take an xray, and see that the lungs have collapsed. you decide to put a catheder into the thoracic cavity to sample the effusion. you see some echinocytes, some toxic neutrophils: dohle bodies with increased blueness with a foamy cytoplasm. The TP is 4.7, and the NCC is 113000/ul, making it an exudate. you also note filamentous bacteria in the bacteria. upon necropsy, you note granulomas on the surface of the pleura. whats your Mdx?

Answer 12

bacterial pyothorax

actinomyces and nocardia

Question 13

a 3 year old cat comes in with an abdominal effusion and a TP of 5.5, NCC 8900/ul; 40% neutrophils, 20% lymphocytes, 40% Ig mononuclear cells. This should instantly make you think of what? background amorphous material was noted on cytology

Answer 13

FIP (wet form)- which caused a vasculitis

Question 14

a cat comes in with dyspnea. You take a same of thoracic cavity fluid sample (I do not care about syntax…..). you also note that fluid triglyceride concentration is greater than what is found in the serum. you also note a lot of small lymphocytes on the effusion

Answer 14

Chylous effusion

Question 15

chylous effusions (acute)

Answer 15

mostly small lymphocytes

Question 16

chronic chylous effusion

Answer 16

more inflammatory cells like neutrophils and macrophages

more triglyceride in the effusion than in the serum.

Question 17

Is it true that id you have a lymphoma and chylothorax, you will also not lymphoblasts in the effusion?

Answer 17

YES

Question 18

T/F. the presence of platelets indicate that you have hemoabdomen/thorax

Answer 18

False, it indicates contamination

Question 19

if you see inflammatory/ supprurative inflammation in the joints, what is it most likely?

Answer 19

immune mediated disease. which can go septic, low to high celluarity in immune mediated cases and all joints will be affected

you may also see a high cell count if tis infections

Question 20

mononuclear inflammation in joint fluid analysis

Answer 20

degenerative disease or trauma

usually just affects one joint

Question 21

DDxs for an effusion with small lymphocytes and 1 macrophage with some lipid vacuoles

Answer 21

Chylous effusion; FIP

Question 22

how do you tell the diference between chylous effusion and FIP

Answer 22

Chylous effusion will have a very turbid appearance and a halsely high protein, while FIP will have a low cell cound and high protein. high serum globulin and a monoclonal gammopathy also suggest FIP. If a albumin/globulin ration is done, and the globulin is high, it also suggests FIP

Question 23

T/F. epidermal inclusion cysts and sialoceles will never exhibit inflammation

Answer 23

False, they can be inflammed

Question 24

lymphoma, plasma cell tumors, histopcytomas, TVTs, and malignant histiocytosis are all____

Answer 24

round cell tumors/ discrete cell tumors

Question 25

what are characteristics of round cell tumors?

Answer 25

cells are usually individual with little to no cell to cell relationship; there are usually plenty of cells present; circular cells with round nuclei and distinct cytoplasmic borders cells are well differentiated

Question 26

what are some signs of epithelial cell tumors

Answer 26

cells in sheets or clusters usually many cells are present distinct cytoplasmis bodrers some may show signs of differentiation cells are large with lots of neoplasm

Question 27

basal tumors are very common in cats, how can you tell the difference from a round cell tumor

Answer 27

the cell to cell relationships

Question 28

what are characteristics of mesenchymal tumors

Answer 28

elongated nuclei spindle cells may be few cells present cells are usually individuals with some clusters in the ICM active fibroblasts will look like malignant mesenchymal cells

Question 29

``` fibrosarcoma hemangiopericytoma neurofibrosarcoma peripheral nerve sheath tumor poorly differentiated sarcomas ``` these are all

Answer 29

soft tissue sarcomas

Question 30

giant cell tumors are associated with

Answer 30

vaccine sites in cats

Question 31

T/F. hematoiden is a breakdown product of apical cells of the salivary gland

Answer 31

False. its actually a breakdown product of red blood cells, but we have one associated with salivary mucocele.

Question 32

when you see lymphadenopathy, what are you thinking of?

Answer 32

hyperplasia/ reactive (antigenic stimulation) lymphadenitis (suppurative, mixed, mononuclear) metastatic neoplasia primary neoplasia (lymphoma)

Question 33

Categories of lymphadenopathy: hyperplasia/ reactive

Answer 33

increased plasma cells

Question 34

categories of lymphadenopathy: lymohadenitis

Answer 34

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 35

categories of lymphadenopathy: metastatic neoplasia

Answer 35

clumps of neoplastic cells like mast cells, epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells

Question 36

categories of lymphadenopathy: lymphoma

Answer 36

>50% lymphoblasts (you will catch this way above this number)

Question 37

blast transformation

Answer 37

when B cells undergo transformation to plasma cells

Question 38

reactive lymph nodes or lymph node hyperplasia characteristics

Answer 38

``` small lymphocytes (medium and large also increased but comprise less than 20%) inc. plasma cells ``` variable macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells common in lymph nodes draining the GI tract. also avoid the submandubular lymph nodes

Question 39

suppurative lymphadenitis

Answer 39

neutrophils, low to high numbers, may or may not find bacteria in the lymph nodes

Question 40

small cell variants of lymphoma (conehead appearance) are common in this dog breed

Answer 40

Golden retrievers

Question 41

you attempt an aspirate from the mandibular lymph node. the cells you get are very foamy in appearance, large and adhered together. WTF...no lymphocytes. Crap, you must have aspirated the___?

Answer 41

salivary gland. Its quite common.