CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION APPROACHES

Question 1

• adjusting to actual or expected future climate
• The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change like sea-level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food insecurity

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

• interventions aimed at reducing the severity of climate change
• reducing sources of these gases
• enhancing the sinks that accumulate and store these
  gases such as the oceans, forests and soil

Answer 2

Mitigation

Question 3

• employ decarbonization technologies and techniques that reduce CO2 emissions, such as:
• renewable energy
• fuel switching
• efficiency gains
• nuclear power
• carbon capture storage

Answer 3

Conventional Mitigation Efforts

Question 4

Climate Mitigation Approach:

Answer 4

1. Conventional Mitigation Efforts
2. Negative Emissions Technologies
3. Radiative Forcing Geoengineering Technologies

Question 5

Conventional Mitigation Efforts:

Answer 5

• FUEL SWITCHING
• EFFICIENT GAINS
• CARBON STORAGE AND CAPTURE

Question 6

• transitioning from “carbon-intense” fuels (like gasoline or propane) to low- or zero-carbon alternatives (like renewable energy) in our homes and vehicles

Answer 6

FUEL SWITCHING

Question 7

• the power sector are achieved through improvements in thermal power plants by enhancing the efficiency of fuel combustion as well as improving turbine generator efficiencies

Answer 7

EFFICIENT GAINS

Question 8

• It is a promising technology as a potential decarbonization approach to be applied to the power as well as the industrial sectors

Answer 8

CARBON STORAGE AND CAPTURE

Question 9

• Also referred to as carbon dioxide removal methods. These techniques are potentially deployed to capture and sequester CO2 from the atmosphere.

Answer 9

Negative Emissions Technologies

Question 10

• The basic principle behind the technology is biomass biologically captures atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis during growth, which is then utilized for energy production through combustion. The CO2 emissions realized upon combustion are then captured and stored in suitable geological reservoirs.

Answer 10

BIOENERGY WITH CARBON STORAGE AND CAPTURE

Question 11

Negative Emissions Technologies:

Answer 11

1. BIOENERGY WITH CARBON STORAGE AND CAPTURE
2. BIOCHAR
3. ENHANCED TERRESTRIAL WEATHERING
4. DIRECT AIR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
5. OCEAN FERTILIZATION
6. OCEAN ALKALINITY ENHANCEMENT
7. SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION
8. REFORESTATION AND AFFORESTATION
9. WETLAND CONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION

Question 12

• a charcoal-like substance that’s made by burning organic material from agricultural and forestry wastes (also called biomass) in a controlled process called pyrolysis. Although it looks a lot like common charcoal, biochar is produced using a specific process to reduce contamination and safely store carbon.

Answer 12

BIOCHAR

Question 13

• an approach that can accelerate the weathering process to enhance CO2 uptake on a much shorter timescale. This is achieved through milling silicate rocks to increase its reactive surface and enhance its mineral dissolution rate. The ground material is then applied to croplands providing a multitude of co-benefits.

Answer 13

ENHANCED TERRESTRIAL WEATHERING

Question 14

• The underlying principle behind this technology is the use of chemical bonding to remove atmospheric CO2 directly from the air and then store it in geological reservoirs.

Answer 14

DIRECT AIR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

Question 15

• is the process of adding nutrients, macro such as phosphorus and nitrates as well as micro such as iron, to the upper surface of the ocean to enhance CO2 uptake by promoting biological activity.

Answer 15

OCEAN FERTILIZATION

Question 16

• are microscopic organisms found at the surface layer of oceans and are important contributor to the concept of oceanic carbon sequestration

Answer 16

Phytoplankton

Question 17

The sequestered CO2, in the form of organic marine biomass, is naturally transported to the deep ocean; this process is termed “________”.

Answer 17

the biological pump

Question 18

• an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the ocean’s natural carbon sink. These substances could include minerals, such as olivine, or artificial substances, such as lime or some industrial by products

Answer 18

OCEAN ALKALINITY ENHANCEMENT

Question 19

Afforestation

Answer 19

• establishing of a new forest

Question 19

• The process of capturing atmospheric CO2 through changing land management practices to increase soil carbon content

Answer 19

SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Question 20

Reforestation

Answer 20

• re-establishing previous forest areas that have undergone deforestation or degradation

Question 21

• have already been widely adopted on a global level and have already been integrated within climate policies through the Kyoto protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism program since the 1990s.

Answer 21

REFORESTATION AND AFFORESTATION

Question 22

• It is an ecosystem that accumulates plant material overtime and store an average of 10x more carbon per nectare than any other ecosystem.

Answer 22

Peatland

Question 23

• Wetlands are high carbon density ecosystems that facilitate atmospheric carbon sequestration through photosynthesis and subsequent storage in above-ground and below-ground biomass as well as soil organic matter.

Answer 23

WETLAND CONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION

Question 24

Examples of wetlands include:

Answer 24

peatlands as well as coastal habitats such as mangrove forests, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows, also referred to as blue carbon ecosystems.

Question 25

• the carbon captured by the oceans and coastal ecosystem including seaweed and sediments

Answer 25

Blue Carbon

Question 26

• the soot emitted during incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in coal-fired power plants, cars and other equipment.

Answer 26

Black Carbon

Question 27

• originates primarily during the combustion of organic biomass and is a close cousin of black carbon

Answer 27

Brown Carbon

Question 28

• it includes all living biological particles on snow and ice that reduce albedo to survive

Answer 28

Red Carbon

Question 29

• reflects the carbon sequestered by land ecosystems

Answer 29

Green Carbon

Question 30

• the carbon stored in inland freshwater wetlands

Answer 30

Teal Carbon

Question 31

• techniques are a set of technologies that aim to alter the earth’s radiative energy budget to stabilize or reduce global temperatures.

Answer 31

Radiative Forcing Geoengineering Technologies