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ENVIRO & ECOLOGY > Climate Change & Marine Species > Flashcards

Climate Change & Marine Species Flashcards

1
Q

how much of the Earth is ocean?

A

70%

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2
Q

What are oceans reservoirs for?

A

nutrients
Gases (e.g: CO2)
Heat distribution

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3
Q

Is marine life more or less stable than terrestrial?

A

Marine is more stable

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4
Q

How is water needed for some species reproduction?

A

Allows for external fertilisation

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5
Q

What are 3 uses of water

A 
Redistribute heat
Dissolve salt
Hold nutrients and gases
Used for external fertilisation
Removes waste products 
Chemical reactions occur here
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6
Q

what is NPP

A

Net primary production = the rate of photosynthetic carbon fixation minus fraction used for cellular respiration and maintenance of plankton, benthic plants/ algae, or microbes

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7
Q

How much of the global NPP does the ocean provide

A

~50%

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8
Q

What are 3 factors that affect NPP

A

Light conditions in ocean surface (photic zone = where photosynthesis occurs)
nutrient flux
nutrient regeneration

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9
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in the ocean

A

The photic zone

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10
Q

What 3 things influence enviro factors that affect NPP

A

Physical, chemical and biological processes

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11
Q

Why are marine organisms useful in climate change?

A

Nutrient cycling (specifically, carbon cycle)

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12
Q

Name 3 ways climate change is impacting marine environments

A
  • Altered ocean circulation e.g. El Niño
  • Increase in storm activity
  • Melting sea ice
  • Rising sea levels
  • Increased coastal erosion
  • Coral bleaching
  • Ocean acidification
  • Invasive species
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13
Q

Briefly explain how El Ninos work

A

Winds decrease and surface current reduces
Warm water spreads across to East Pacific
Trade winds weaken - allows Warm Pool waters to travel back to the east
Changes cause evaporation and precipitation in Eastern Pacific and Americas

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14
Q

what can - changes to water currents and wind patterns cause?

A

Anoxic dead zones (warmer water = less oxygen)

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15
Q

what is coastal squeeze

A

Seatown defences result in intertidal zone loss

rising sea levels squeeze remaining habitat against sea walls

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16
Q

How does El ninos effect biodiversity?

A

Causes sea levels to rise
Causes species to move northwards with warmer conditions
(therefore extends non-native species = introduced species)
Also effects timing of spawning, growth rate, survival of fish larvae

17
Q

What climate factor affects coral reefs

A

Rising sea TEMPS

warmer waters damages them

18
Q

Name 4 threats to coral reefs

A 
Fishing practises
Overfishing
Tourism
Pollution
Sedimentation
Mining
Climate Change
19
Q

What are corals?

A

They are small animals that secret a calcium carbonate skeleton

20
Q

What are coral reefs particularly important

A

They have symbiotic relationships with algae living in their tissues (zooxanthellae)

21
Q

What is the name of the algae that coral has a symbiotic relationship with?

A

Zooxanthellae

22
Q

When does coral bleaching occur?

A

When water is too warm for too long

23
Q

What happens during coral bleaching?

A

Coral polyps get stressed - spit out the algae
Coral no longer has zooxanthellae to produce corals’ food
Corals die, macroalgae takes over, smothers the reef

24
Q

What are some impacts of coral bleaching?

A

Impacts local community income (fisheries, ecotourism)
Impacts biodiversity - cascade effect on food chain
Causes competition between coral and seaweed

25
Q

in 2016, what happened to the great barrier reef?

A

93% of the reefs were affected by bleaching

22% died

26
Q

what causes ocean acidification?

A

increases in co2 in atmosphere dissolves in oceans forming a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3)
pH of ocean drops by 0.2-0.4

27
Q

what organisms are most at risk of ocean acidification?

A

those that make calcium carbonate exoskeletons - gastropoda & crustaceans

28
Q

Why are gastropoda and crustaceans most at risk of ocean acidification?

A

because acidification can deform/ dissolute shells

29
Q

what are 3 causes of ocean acidification

A

Burning fossil fuels
Deforestation
Carbon Pollution
(Anything that causes increased CO2 in atmosphere)

30
Q

If organisms can no longer biomineralize calcium carbonate, what affect does this have on the ecosystem?

A

whales mostly eat gastropoda - will no longer have a food source
Whales are needed to filter water so no food = no whales = more water pollution

ENVIRO & ECOLOGY (24 decks)

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