Biomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a biological realm

A

the broadest divisions of the earth’s land surface – subdivided into ECOREGIONS/ ECOZONES

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2
Q

What is an ecoregion

A

an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm.

Ecoregions cover large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species

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3
Q

What is a biome

A

A broad, regional type of ecosystem characterised by distinctive climate and soil conditions as well as a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions

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4
Q

What can biome classifications be useful for

A

as a way of classifying the Earth’s terrestrial communities into major ecological units – correlates with regional climate types

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5
Q

What are biological realms characterised by?

A

Evolution history of the organisms within it
Floristic kingdoms
Zoogeographic regions

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6
Q

What are the size orders of: bio realms, ecoregions, biomes

A

Realm = biggest

Realms divide into ecoregions that may contain a number of biomes

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7
Q

Name 3 bio REALMS

A
Any from: 
Australian 
Oceanian
Oriental 
Sino-Japanses
Palearctic
Sahro-Arabian
Nearctic
Panamanian
Neotropical
Madagascan
Afrotropical
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8
Q

What is the key idea behind biomes/ realms?

A

Similar regional climates produces morphological adaptations in plants - so plants have similar plant physiognomy and similar structure in vegetation regardless of actual species

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9
Q

What climate type is Af in classification

A

Tropical wet climate/ rainforest biome

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10
Q

What climate type is Dfb in classification

A

sub-arctic climate / boreal forest biome

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11
Q

What factors are plant physiognomy

A
size
shape
leaf structure
stem size
thorns
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12
Q

What is the law of tolerance

A

for each abiotic factor, an organism has a range of tolerances within which it can survive

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13
Q

How much precipitation is there in a tropical biome

A

no less than 100mm per month

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14
Q

what type of soil is found in tropical biomes

A

Laterites
high clay content
Excessive leaching
Acidic and naturally infertile soils

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of desert

A

True desert
Semi desert
Extreme

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16
Q

How do true, semi and extreme deserts differ by definition

A

Amount of rainfall and plant coverage

True = less than 120mm
semi = 150-400mm
extreme = 70mm
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17
Q

Which type of plant is most dominant in deserts

A

Shrub - drought deciduous or evergreen

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18
Q

Which type of plant is most dominant in tropical biomes

A

Broad leafed evergreens (forest)

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19
Q

Name 3 types of plants found in deserts

A

True xerophytes
Phreatophytes
Halophytes
Succulents

20
Q

How are xerophytes adapted to deserts?

A

Have shallow root system and extent well beyond canopy

21
Q

How are succulents adapted to deserts

A

Store water well in tissues
Waxy leaves prevent waterloss
CAM photosynthesis

22
Q

What are soils like in deserts?

A

Poorly developed due to lack of leaching

23
Q

What is a tundra

A

is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons (usually colder, rocky climates)

24
Q

What is a taiga?

A

a forest of the cold, subarctic region - small number of tree species (but lots of them)

25
Q

Describe 5 features of a tundra

A
Any from:
treeless-ness
short growing season
Shallow soils
Low precipitation
dry winds
nutrient poor conditions
mosses, lichens, sedges, dwarfshrubs
young, thin soils 
Gleying 
clumped vascular plants
26
Q

Where are taigas mostly found?

A

Subarctic and cold continental climates

It’s northern most limit is were the taiga meets the tundra

27
Q

What kind of trees are found in a taiga?

A

mainly evergreen

28
Q

Where are tundras normally found?

A

encircling the arctic ocean (polewards of Taigas)

29
Q

What are soils like in taigas

A

young, shallow Podzols - low in natural fertility

30
Q

How much of the Earth is covered by water?

A

75%

31
Q

Are aquatic or terrestrial environments more stable ?

A

Aquatic are more stable, less variable

32
Q

What are the 4 features aquatic biomes are defined on

A

Depth
Salinity
Temperature
Nutrients

33
Q

What 5 factors affect the distribution of aquatic organisms

A
Light penetration
Temp
Nutrients
Distance from shore/ depth
Position in water colum (i.e: open water or bottom)
34
Q

What are the 2 freshwater biomes

A

Standing bodies of water (lentic)

Moving bodies of water (lotic)

35
Q

What is a lotic biome

A

A freshwater, moving body of water

36
Q

What is a lentic biome

A

A freshwater, standing body of water

37
Q

Give an example of lotic and lentic freshwater biomes

A

Lentic = lakes, ponds, wetlands

Lotic = rivers, streams

38
Q

What 2 factors limit primary production in marine biomes

A

Light

Nutrients

39
Q

What is the photic zone

A

The certain depth of marine biomes that solar radiation penetrates

40
Q

How much solar radiation is absorbed in the first meter of water

A

more than 50%

41
Q

What are the two main nutrients in marine biomes

A

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

42
Q

What are the 3 types of coral reefs

A

Fringing
Barrier
Atolls

43
Q

Name 3 types of organisms that build coral reefs

A
Coralline algae
Sponges
Stony corals
Hydrocorals
Formaniferans
44
Q

What are polyps?

A

Coral animals

45
Q

Which biome is coral reef usually found?

A

tropical distributions

above 18 degrees C