Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENCN375 > Climate Change Adaptation > Flashcards

Climate Change Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

According to the Global Risks Report 2023, what are the Top 10 Risks over a 2-year period?

A
  1. Cost of living crisis
  2. Natural disasters and extreme weather events
  3. Geoeconomic confrontation
  4. Failure to mitigate climate change
  5. Erosion of social cohesion and societal polarization
  6. Large-scale environmental damage incidents
  7. Failure of climate-change adaptation
  8. Widespread cybercrime and cyber insecurity
  9. Natural resource crises
  10. Large-scale involuntary migration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

According to the Global Risks Report 2023, what are the Top 10 Risks over a 10-year period?

A
  1. Failure to mitigate climate change
  2. Failure of climate-change adaptation
  3. Natural disasters and extreme weather events
  4. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse
  5. Large-scale involuntary migration
  6. Natural resource crises
  7. Erosion of social cohesion and societal polarization
  8. Widespread cybercrime and cyber insecurity
  9. Geoeconomic confrontation
  10. Large-scale environmental damage incidents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some major points on macroeconomic risks?

A
  • Market volatility
  • Global growth slowing
  • Eroding trust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some major points on geopolitical tensions?

A
  • Difficult to make collective progress on global issues
  • Interventions may be viewed as hostile
  • 85% respondents expect major-power political confrontations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some major points on environmental risks?

A
  • Have shifted in likelihood and consequence perception
  • Account for three of the top five by likelihood and four by impact
  • Spending on disaster recovery is nine times higher than on prevention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some major points on technological risks?

A
  • “Overlooked relative to the risk”
  • Cyber theft of money, information, identity
  • Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some major points on mental health risks?

A
  • Exacerbated by feeling a lack of control in the face of uncertainty
  • Anger, anxiety, loneliness, decline in empathy
  • Affects wider risk landscape via impact on social cohesion and political stability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some major points on biological risks?

A
  • “World is badly underprepared for even modest biological threats”
  • Emerging tech are making it easier for threats to be manufactured and released
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some major points on sea level rise?

A
  • Urbanisation concentrating people on coast
  • Destroying natural defences
  • 800 million people in cities vulnerable to 0.5m SLR (expected by 2050)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the Top 5 trends in the Global Risks Report?

A
  1. Changing climate
  2. Rising cyber dependency
  3. Increasing polarization of societies
  4. Rising income and wealth disparity
  5. Increasing national sentiment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some causes of failure to mitigate climate change?

A
  • Ineffectiveness of multilateral institutions and international cooperation
  • Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse
  • Large-scale environmental damage incidents
  • Failure of climate-change adaptation
  • Natural disasters and extreme weather events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some consequences of failure to mitigate climate change?

A
  • Natural disasters and extreme weather events
  • Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse
  • Natural resource crises
  • Large-scale environmental damage incidents
  • Large-scale involuntary migration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some causes of failure to adapt to climate change?

A
  • Failure to mitigate climate change
  • Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse
  • Natural disasters and extreme weather events
  • Large-scale environmental damage incidents
  • Natural resource crises
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some consequences of failure to adapt to climate change?

A
  • Natural disasters and extreme weather events
  • Natural resource crises
  • Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse
  • Large-scale environmental damage incidents
  • Large-scale involuntary migration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Adaptation.

A

The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.
In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.
In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Vulnerability.

A

The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Risk.

A

The consequences of an activity and associated uncertainty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Resilience.

A

The ability of a system to achieve desired functionality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

There is interdependence of climate, ecosystems and human societies. Climate risks are considered in the context of other global trends such as …

A
  • Biodiversity loss
  • Unsustainable consumption
  • Land and ecosystem degradation
  • Urbanisation
  • Demographic shifts
  • Social and economic inequalities
  • Pandemic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe Adaptive Solutions

A
  • Adaptation is reducing climate risk by adjusting the existing systems
  • Solutions must be effective, feasible, and conform to the principles of justice (distributive, procedural, recognitional)
  • Solutions must have win-wins (co-benefits) and avoid trade-offs (such as maladaptation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe Infrastructure Transition and some considerations.

A
  • Climate risk adaptation in design/planning of infrastructure
  • Options exist, but constrained by institutional, financial, technological access and capacity
  • Responses are most effective if combined/sequenced, planned well ahead, align with sociocultural values, and are underpinned by inclusive community engagement. Critical to avoid maladaptation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Climate Resilient Development.

A
  • Integrated, inclusive planning and investment in everyday decision-making about urban infrastructure.
  • Urgent action is needed for new and retrofitted existing urban design, infrastructure and land use.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is stopping adaptation?

A

Deficits
- Lack of knowledge about risks and solution
- Potential for maladaptative consequences
- Lack of resources for action
Misaligned incentives
- Fragmented responsibilities
- Frontloaded costs / backloaded benefits
- Most vulnerable have little power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the 10-step structured engagement process for adaptation in NZ (include output and implementation)?

A
  1. Preparation and Context
  2. Hazard and SLR Assessments
  3. Values and Objectives
  4. Vulnerability and Risk
  5. Identify Options and Pathways
  6. Option Evaluation
  7. Adaptive Planning Strategy (with triggers)
  8. Implementation Plan
  9. Monitor
  10. Review and Adjust

Output: Community Adaptation Plans that identify community values and objectives; options and pathways; triggers for action.

Implementation: District Plan, Infrastructure Strategy …

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Risk Management Process (ISO 31000:2009)?

A
  1. Planning
  2. Risk Assessment
    a. Identification
    b. Analysis
    c. Evaluation
  3. Risk Treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What questions do you need to ask in the Planning step of the Risk Management Process?

A
  • Establish the context (what are you doing, why are you doing it, where are you doing it, who is involved)
  • What are the objectives?
  • What are you measuring?
  • What do you plan to do with the information?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Outline the Assessment step of the Risk Management Process?

A
  • Identification
  • Cause analysis
  • Consequence analysis
  • Uncertainties
  • Evaluate whether the risk is acceptable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Treatment step of the Risk Management Process?

A

Take steps to reduce the risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In the Preparation step (Step 1) of the 10-step structured engagement process for adaptation in NZ, you must consider …

A
  • What area/community are you working in?
  • What is the timeframe?
  • What are the boundaries?
  • What legislation/policy is relevant?
  • Who are the key stakeholders and decision-makers?
  • What resources are available to you?
  • What depth of risk analysis is required?
  • How will the information be used in decision making?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In the What Matters Most stage (Steps 3 & 4) of the 10-step structured engagement process for adaptation in NZ, you must consider …

A
  • NZ’s Living Standards Framework

Wellbeing domains:
- Natural environment
- Built environment
- Human
- Economy
- Governance

Maori interest domains
- Natural environment
- Maori enterprise
- Healthy people
- Maori culture and practices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In the Options Evaluation and Adaptive Planning steps (Steps 6 & 7) of the 10-step structured engagement process for adaptation in NZ, you must consider (include the goal of Options Evaluation and Adaptive Planning) …

A

The goal: determine how to adapt to climate change. That is, reduce the risk into the future.

Remember: there is a lot of uncertainty. Must be managed carefully.
- How fast the climate will change
- The effects of climate change
- The wider effects of a solution on society

31
Q

What are the different types of Treatment?

A
  • Avoid
  • Reduce/control
  • Mitigate
  • Transfer
  • Do nothing
32
Q

What does it mean to Avoid?

A

Eliminate the potential for the hazard or exposure.

33
Q

What does it mean to Reduce/Control?

A

Lower the chances of the event occurring.

34
Q

What does it mean to Mitigate?

A

Reduce the consequences.

35
Q

What does it mean to Transfer?

A

Transfer the consequences to someone else.

36
Q

What does it mean to Do Nothing?

A

Accept/tolerate the consequences and uncertainty.

37
Q

What do you have to consider when thinking about risk and options? (Multi-criteria evaluation)

A
  • Risk reducing potential
  • Cost
  • Environmental impact
  • Cultural appropriateness
  • Community acceptance
  • Opportunity cost
  • Robustness to uncertainty
  • The impact on what matters
38
Q

What are some of NZ’s legislation and policies relevant to adaptation?

A
  • Zero Carbon Act
  • Reform of the Resource Management Act
  • National Climate Change Risk Assessment
  • National Climate Change Adaptation Plan
  • Financial Sector (Climate-related Disclosures and Other Matters) Amendment Act 2021
39
Q

What are the responsibilities of Central Government in Adaptation?

A
  • Sets policy
  • Allocates funding
  • National Adaptation Plan (rewrite two years after each NCCRA)
  • Manages risk to its own infrastructure: schools, hospitals, police stations, prisons, conservation estate, etc.
40
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Climate Change Commission in Adaptation?

A
  • Conducts the National Climate Change Risk Assessment every 6 years, National Adaptation Plan every 2 years after.
  • Monitors the National Adaptation Plan and whether the agencies are meeting their targets
41
Q

What are the responsibilities of Local Government in Adaptation?

A
  • Development and implement plans, regulations for identification and management of hazards (LCCRA, LAP)
  • Responsible for managing the risk to council owned assets and more
  • Does not have explicit legal obligation to protect privately owned assets
  • Work in partnership with communities to manage their risks
42
Q

What are the responsibilities of Individuals, Organisations, Businesses and Iwi in Adaptation?

A
  • Awareness of the risks and their responsibility for managing them
  • Comply with regulations that apply to their assets and activities
  • Take steps to understand the magnitude and nature of the specific risks to their assets and activities
  • Develop and implement strategies and actions to manage these risks
43
Q

What are the responsibilities of Companies in Adaptation?

A

Climate Financial Disclosures

44
Q

Adaptation must manage uncertainty because …

A
  • We don’t know how fast the climate will change
  • Complexities around the effects of climate change
  • Complexities around how a solution might impact the wider societal system
45
Q

In adaptation, there are uncertainties around …

A
  • What path global socio-economic development takes, and how land use, population growth and emissions track.
  • Incomplete understanding and modelling of climate-ocean-ice system, broader feedback processes and vertical land movement, and how that translates to SLR locally and associated effects on coastal-hazard sources.
  • How assets at risk will change in physical and monetary terms, and the level of protection that can be implemented to reduce their vulnerability to potential losses through adaptation measures.
  • The effect of policy responses on emissions and adaptation effectiveness.
  • Parties struggle to agree on the problem, its boundaries, the outcome sought and the relative importance of interests, and probability of uncertain inputs to the problem.
  • Dynamic interaction between factors and compounding & cascading impacts that cannot be considered independently
  • Many possible response options. Different interests at stake.
46
Q

What are the 3 types of uncertainty?

A
  • Ambiguity (competing values)
  • Epistemic (lack of knowledge)
  • Aleatory (inherent randomness)
47
Q

What are black swans?

A

Surprising events given the current knowledge.

48
Q

What are some Principles for Adapting with Uncertainty?

A

Best estimate is unsuitable
- A single ‘best estimate’ will not enable plausible alternative future states
- Avoid lock-in effect
Understand plausible futures and knowledge
- Knowledge of range of plausible futures
- Make transparent the nature of knowledge related to evidence (how much do is known, unknown, uncertain …)
Use adaptive approaches
- Short-term early, flexible actions
- Changed ahead of earlier-onset adaptation threshold
- help address uncertainty

49
Q

Define Natural Hazard.

A

Natural processes or phenomena that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

50
Q

Compare Shocks vs. Stresses.

A

Shocks:
- Acute (rapidly onset, typically short duration) events.
- Hazards typically refer to shocks.
Stresses:
- Chronic (slow onset, typically protracted duration) issues.

51
Q

What are some examples of Stressors?

A
  • SLR
  • Vertical land movement
  • Temperature change
  • Changing growing conditions
  • Poverty
52
Q

What are some examples of Natural Hazards?

A
  • Tropical storms
  • Flooding
  • Storm surge
  • Tsunami
  • Alluvial fans
  • Extreme heat
  • Wildfire
  • Volcanoes
  • Earthquakes
  • Landslides
  • Tornados
53
Q

What are Compounding Hazards?

A

When two or more hazards occur at the same time and increase the overall threat.

54
Q

What are Cascading Hazards?

A

When one hazard’s occurrence leads to the occurrence of another, e.g., EQ and land slope changes causes a tsunami.

55
Q

Define Exposure.

A

People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.

56
Q

Define Vulnerability.

A

The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

57
Q

What are Fragility Curves?

A

For infrastructure, they map hazard intensity to
- damage state, or
- operational state

58
Q

Define Sensitivity.

A

The degree to which a system is affected adversely or beneficially by climate-related drivers.

59
Q

Define Adaptive Capacity.

A

The ability of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities or to respond to consequences.

60
Q

When dealing with Return Periods, it is important to note …

A
  • They are estimated based on records, so there is a lot of uncertainty.
  • It is based on the knowledge available.
  • Assumes static environmental conditions
61
Q

What are the different types of Hazard Data?

A
  • Extent (e.g., within this ____ boundary)
  • Detailed characteristics (specifics)
  • Qualitative (Matauranga Maori, local knowledge)
62
Q

How has the CCC Coastal Hazards Adaptation Planning (CHAP) programme applied the Maintain treatment approach?

A
  • Maintain current infrastructure systems
  • Continue community education
  • Emergency management
  • Environmental monitoring
63
Q

How has the CCC Coastal Hazards Adaptation Planning (CHAP) programme applied the Acommodate treatment approach?

A
  • Flood proofing buildings
  • Flood proofing infrastructure
  • Adaptable buildings
  • Raising land levels
  • Groundwater management
  • Stormwater management
  • Diversifying energy and water supply
  • Emergency management
64
Q

How has the CCC Coastal Hazards Adaptation Planning (CHAP) programme applied the Protect treatment approach?

A
  • Shoreline nourishment
  • Dune reconstruction and regeneration
  • Beach drainage
  • Coastal wetlands, riparian management and living shorelines
  • Groynes and attached breakwaters
  • Detached breakwaters and artifical reefs
  • Armouring
  • Stopbanks and bunds
  • Storm surge barriers
65
Q

How has the CCC Coastal Hazards Adaptation Planning (CHAP) programme applied the Retreat treatment approach?

A
  • Buyouts
  • Land swaps
  • Leasebacks
  • Future interests
  • Conservation easements
  • Transferralbe devleopment rights
66
Q

How has the CCC Coastal Hazards Adaptation Planning (CHAP) programme applied the Avoid treatment approach?

A
  • Zoning
  • Trigger-based or time-limited land use consents
  • Setback controls
67
Q

What challenges did the CCC Coastal Hazards Adaptation Planning (CHAP) programme have with Engagement?

A
  • Engaging with a diverse range of people, particularly youth and mana whenua
  • Distrust in climate science
  • Management of earthquakes has created a legacy of distrust and engagement fatigue in some areas
  • Broad scale of exposure, including some low-lying inland communities who do not see themselves as ‘coastal’
  • General lack of interest
  • Technical and complex information
68
Q

How do you mitigate cognitive bias?

A

Use risk indicators and structured decision-making

69
Q

Avoid the ___ and manage the ___

A

unmanageable; avoidable

70
Q

What are the three types of black swans?

A

There are 3 cases:
- Unknown unknowns
- Unknown knowns
- Known but considered negligible

71
Q

What are some key points related to natural disaster?

A
  • disasters are not natural
  • occur because of human development
  • human agency is key
  • it is a misnomer
72
Q

What does a risk assessment do?

A

Takes hazard map and gives hazard intensity spatially

73
Q

What is climate leasing?

A

The goverment offering compensation to convert the ownership model for people with properties in areas zoned for eventual managed retreat from freehold to fixed-term leasehold.

A.k.a., the people go from owning building and land forever to just land for a fixed term. This land can now be used for managed retreat.

74
Q

What are some examples of shock?

A
  • Earthquake
  • Riot
  • Financial market crash
  • Hurricane
75
Q

What are the five domains of the NZNCCRA?

A
  • Human
  • Built
  • Natural
  • Economy
  • Governance

ENCN375 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions