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Science 10 AP Finals > Climate > Flashcards

Climate Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between a open, closed, and an isolated system?

A

Open: Allows energy and matter
Closed: Only allows energy
Isolated: Allows neither

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2
Q

What is the difference between the tropo, strato, hydro, and lithosphere?

A

Lithosphere: Land
Troposphere: Low atmosphere
Stratosphere: High atmosphere
Hydrosphere: Water

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3
Q

What is a radiation budget?

A

The balance between letting in and releasing radiation in space.

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4
Q

Name the top 6 GHGs.

A

water vapour
carbon dioxide
methane
nitrous oxide
ground level ozone
halocarbons

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5
Q

What is the specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy required to raise a 1g substance by 1C

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6
Q

How do you calculate the amount of heat required to raise a substance by a set temperature?

A

Q = mcΔT

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7
Q

Name the three energy transfer methods.

A

conduction: molecules from land and water collide with molecules
from air close to surface; collisions transfer energy from Earth’s surface
to air

convection: air circulates and distributes heat; air warm, becomes
less dense and rises; air cools, becomes more dense and falls

radiation: components of air are inefficient at absorbing med
wavelength and greenhouse gases absorb IR emitted by Earth

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8
Q

What is the heat of vaporization and fusion?

A

H of Vaporization: Amount of energy required to convert one mole of a substance from liquid to gas

H of fusion: Amount of energy required to convert one mole of a substance from solid to liquid

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9
Q

How do you calculate the H of vap/fus?

A

Q = nH

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10
Q

Fill in the blank:

Water molecules cycle through the Earth in a process called the
__________. It also transports ______.

A
  1. hydrologic cycle
  2. energy
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11
Q

What is a Gulf stream?

A

It is a large surface current that starts in the warm, shallow seas of the Caribbean and follows the eastern coastline of North America, curving east past Newfoundland and ending up at the British Isles where it is called the North Atlantic Drift.

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12
Q

Fill out the blank:

The Gulf stream is part of a global ocean current called the
_____________ or Great Ocean Conveyer Belt.

A
  1. thermohaline circulation
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13
Q

What is El Nino?

A

disruption of ocean-atmosphere system in
tropical Pacific; occurs every 37yrs; wind direction over
South Pacific reverses, winds flow eastward causing increase in
sea-surface temp and unusual weather conditions (Warmer oceans)

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14
Q

What is La Nina?

A

increase in strength of normal westward winds;
accompanied by cooling of surface waters; produces more
precipitation

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15
Q

What is the coriolis effect?

A

convection currents on Earth veer sideways from
original course due to Earth’s rotation on its axis. Northern hemisphere turns right and southern hemisphere turns left.

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16
Q

What are jet streams?

A

form at the boundary of cold and warm air; larger and travel
faster in winter than in summer

17
Q

What are the two factors that determine a climate?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Precipitation
18
Q

What are climatographs?

A

Graphical representations of climate data for a
specific region and time period

19
Q

What two factors make up the biosphere?

A
  1. Biotic (Living)
  2. Abiotic (Non-living)
20
Q

What are the three units of the biosphere?

A

biome: major geographic region with similar
environmental conditions and life forms

ecosystem: community of living organisms that interact
with each other and with abiotic/physical environment

habitat: place where organism lives or is usually found

21
Q

What are the three types of adaptations and their definitions?

A

physiological: occur inside the organism
ie. hibernation; stomachs of ruminants

structural: physical features of the organism
ie. fur of mammals; thick, fleshy stem and
small needles of cacti

behavioral: things organism does to survive in some climates
ie. migration; hibernaculum of garter snakes

22
Q

What is the study of past climates called?

A

Paleoclimatology

23
Q

What are some possible causes of climate change?

A

Earth’s tilt

Earth’s orbit

Continental drift

Weathering

catastrophic events

feedback response to climate change

24
Q

What is the positive and negative feedback loop?

A

Negative Feedback Loop: CO 2 and H2Og; increase in Earth’s
temp leads to increase in evaporation of water, forming more
clouds that block solar radiation… result is cooling (heating
causes cooling)

Positive Feedback Loop: drop in Earth’s temps results in
formation of sea ice that reflects solar radiation causing cooling
and more sea ice

25
Q

Fill in the blank:

Earth’s average surface temperature has risen by ____C during
the last century. The rate of this increase has not occurred in over ________ years.

A
  1. 0.6
  2. 10 000
26
Q

What is the positive and negative water vapor feedback?

A

positive water vapour feedback can increase the
greenhouse effect

negative water vapour feedback can have a cooling effect

27
Q

What do GHG’s vary in?

A

global warming potential

length of time gas remains in atmosphere
before going through chemical change

rate of increase since 1850

28
Q

What factors cause the global warming potential?

A

amount of gas entering atmosphere each year

lifetime of each gas in atmosphere

effects of each gas on atmospheric chemistry

effect of each gas on other gases

29
Q

What is a carbon sink?

A

A major source or reservoir of carbon compounds.
Some carbon sinks are both a source and a reservoir for carbon. It absorbs more carbon than it releases.

30
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The clearing of trees from land, and greatly affects the
climate of an area.

31
Q

Fill in the blank:

Changes to the global climate are predicted to be greater in the
_________________ and _________ regions

A
  1. Northern Hemisphere
  2. Labrador
32
Q

How many times does an equinox occur in a year?

A

twice

Science 10 AP Finals (5 decks)

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