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Science 10 AP Finals > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of experiment did Redi do?

A

Performed a “controlled” experiment to prove
maggots did not spontaneously generate from meat

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2
Q

Fill in the blank

Both Redi and Pasteur designed experiments to disprove ______ and to prove ______.

A
  1. Abiogenesis
  2. Biogenesis
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3
Q

What is the difference between abiogenesis and biogenesis?

A

Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation
Biogenesis: life from life

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4
Q

State the three parts of cell theory

A
  1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. the cell is the smallest functional unit of life
  3. all cells are produced from other cells
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5
Q

Name the different types of microscopes

A

Simple: One lens; visible light
Compound: Two lens; visible light
Transmission EM: Beam of electrons pass through to make 2d image
Scanning EM: Beam of electrons sweep over specimen to produce a 3D image

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6
Q

Fill in the blank

_____ direct the activities of our cells and a sections of long molecules called ____.

A
  1. Genes
  2. DNA
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7
Q

Name the four bases in DNA.

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine

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8
Q

Fill in the blank

Changes in DNA can cause _______. Most are caused by ________ or changes to genes.

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Mutagens
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9
Q

True or false:

All plants and animals share many of the same life functions.

A

True

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10
Q

What is the Chloroplast and it’s purpose?

A

An organelle found in plant cells that focus on photosynthesis for the cell.

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11
Q

What is the Vacuole? What is it’s purpose?

A

An organelle that can be found in both animal and plant cells that maintain water balance and sorts waste. Plant cells typically contain much larger vacuoles than animal cells. Some animal cells don’t even have a Vacuole.

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12
Q

What is the Cytoplasm? What is it’s purpose?

A

A liquid substance that fills the entire inner of the cell. It is contained in both animal and plant cells, and is mostly comprised of salt and water. The cytoplasm is enclosed by the cell membrane except for the nucleus.

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13
Q

What is a Ribosome? What is it’s purpose?

A

A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins. It is contained in both plant and animal cells.

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14
Q

What is a Lysosome? What is it’s job?

A

A Lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes that break down worn-out or excess cell parts. It is primarily found in only animal cells.

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15
Q

What is the mitochondria? What is its purpose?

A

The mitochondria is an organelle that has the purpose of generating the main source of energy for the cell. Uses chemical energy to produce energy. Found in both animal and plant cells.

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16
Q

Name at least two things for the plant and animal cell that the particular other does not have.

A

Animal cell:
Lysosomes(Digestive enzymes),
Centrioles (Helps with the nucleus’ and other organelle’s location. Acts as the skeletal system for the cell.),
Centrosomes(regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase, and facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis.)

Plant cell:
Chloroplast(Photosynthesis),
Cell wall(Protective layer),
Plasmodesmata(Gates between cells).

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17
Q

What is the Endoplasmic
Reticulum? What is it’s function?

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is an important organelle in the cell. It serves many important jobs, mainly packaging, making
and transporting proteins and lipids. Found in both plant and animal cells.

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18
Q

What is the Golgi body? What is it’s function?

A

The Golgi body (AKA Golgi Apparatus), is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell. Found in both animal and plant cells.

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19
Q

What is a virus?

A

Infect cells; take over the host cell’s reproductive machinery
and cause it to produce more

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20
Q

What is a prion?

A

Protein that convert from normal form into a harmful particle; can bind to other proteins and cause them to convert them too

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21
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Stem cells are the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated.

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22
Q

List a few materials that cells transport

A

food, oxygen, wastes, nutrients, glucose, ions

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23
Q

List a few materials that cells prevent from entering

A

viruses, bacteria, ions, sugars, proteins, salts

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24
Q

Fill in the blank:

Cell membranes are composed of a double layer of ________
imbedded with _______. The molecules that make up this double layer have a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. proteins
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25
Q

Fill in the blank:

During apoptosis, the contents of the _______ are released
into the cell and _______ it from the inside. This is how _______ cells in the body are broken down and digested by ________.

A
  1. lysosome
  2. digest
  3. old
  4. enzymes
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26
Q

What is brownian motion?

A

A rule that states that all molecules are in random constant motion

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27
Q

Fill in the blank:

Molecules will always move from areas of _____ concentration to areas of _____ concentration. This movement of molecules always moves
______ the concentration gradient.

A
  1. high
  2. low
  3. down
28
Q

Name the five parts in the particle theory of matter.

A
  1. All matter consists of extremely small particles.
  2. All particles of one substance are identical.
  3. The spaces between particles are very large compared to the
    size of the particles themselves.
  4. The particles in matter attract one another.
  5. All particles of matter are constantly in motion.
29
Q

True or false:

The concentration gradient ALWAYS goes down.

A

False

30
Q

True or false:

Small particles (like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) can diffuse in and out of cells.

A

True

31
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

A process in which transport proteins help larger molecules go through the cell membrane.

32
Q

What is active transport:

A

The movement in which goes against the concentration gradient

33
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport:
Energy required
Goes against the concentration gradient

Passive transport:
Little to no energy required
Goes with the concentration gradient

34
Q

What is endo and exocytosis?

A

The act of moving in or out large molecules in which couldn’t go in through facilitated diffusion. They use a storage cell known as a vesicle.

35
Q

True or false:

Diffusion across a membrane and within a cell are the same.

A

False

36
Q

Fill in the blank:

There is an upper limit to ______ and ______ is extremely
important to cells

A
  1. Cell size
  2. Cell shape
37
Q

Fill in the blank:

The surface area to volume ratio gets _______ as the cell increases in size

A
  1. Smaller
38
Q

List the traits that help specialized cells carry out their specific
tasks effectively

A

cell shape
size
location within organism
types of organelles within the cell

39
Q

What are the palisade cells?

A

Long and narrow, found just below the upper epidermis. They are packed with chloroplasts.

40
Q

What are the guard cells?

A

Composed of two bean-shaped cells, mostly on the underside of the
leaf. They are used to regulate the size of the stomata (hole in between the bean-shaped cells).

41
Q

What is the xylem / phloem?

A

Series of tubes, leaf veins. They transport fluids
throughout the plant.

42
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Waxy substance coats top of leaf. Prevents water loss from
leaf

43
Q

What is the lower epidermis?

A

Flat cells that form a one cell thick layer. They protect the bottom of
the leaf.

44
Q

What is the spongy tissue cells?

A

Below palisade cells. they carry out photosynthesis and have many air spaces around them to allow gas and water exchange.

45
Q

What is the stomata?

A

Small openings in epidermal layer. Allows gases in and out of
leaf

46
Q

What is the upper epidermis?

A

flat cells form a layer one cell thick. They protect the top of the
leaf.

47
Q

Fill out the blank:

Animals use ______ and ______ to distribute gases from the air
throughout their bodies. Plants lack these organs.

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Blood
48
Q

Fill out the blank:

Animals break down ________ and release energy while
consuming ________ and releasing ________.

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon dioxide waste
49
Q

Fill out the blank:

Plant cells do the same as animal cells during respiration, but
during photosynthesis, they consume ________ and
_______ and produce _________.

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Waste
  3. Oxygen and Glucose
50
Q

Write the formula for respiration.

A

C6H12O6(Glucose) + 6O2 ————> 6H2O(Water) + 6CO2 + energy (ATP)

51
Q

Write the formula for photosynthesis.

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O(Water) ————–> C6H12O6(Glucose) + 6 O2

52
Q

Fill out the blank:

During photosynthesis plant cells have a net ________ of
oxygen and a net ________ of carbon dioxide.

A
  1. Production
  2. Loss
53
Q

Fill out the blank:

During respiration plant cells have a net _______ of oxygen
and a net _______ of carbon dioxide.

A
  1. Loss
  2. Production
54
Q

Fill out the blank:

In a stem the gases diffuse through lens shaped openings in the bark called _______.

A
  1. lenticels
55
Q

Fill out the blank:

The evaporation of water from leaves is known as __________.
This evaporation is controlled by the stomata.

A
  1. transpiration
56
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

The water pressure inside of a cell.

57
Q

List the materials that the xylem and phloem transport.

A

Xylem:
Water
Minerals

Phloem:
Sugar/Glucose

58
Q

Explain the difference between cohesive and adhesive forces in
water.

A

Cohesion: water molecules stick to each other, allowing water
to be pulled

Adhesion: water molecules stick to surfaces resisting gravity
and preventing falling

59
Q

Fill out the blank:

All organisms (including plants) respond to environmental _______.

A
  1. Stimuli
60
Q

Fill out the blank:

Plants have control systems made up of ________ that allow
them to respond to environmental changes.

A
  1. tropisms
61
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A growth of a plant towards the sunlight.

62
Q

How do plants grow towards the sunlight?

A

The sides of the stems change to grow at different rates.

63
Q

How do plants detect the direction of the sun?

A

The tip of a seedling detects light. It then transmits the information to the stem and controls growth of stem cells.

64
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Growth response towards gravity. Increased auxins block root growth, so as they collect on the lower side they cause the root to grow downward and the plant to grow upward. Roots show positive gravitropism and grow in the same direction as gravity. Stems show negative gravitropism and grow in the opposite direction as gravity.

65
Q

What is a nastic response?

A

Response of a plant to touch

Science 10 AP Finals (5 decks)

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