Clean Needle And Saftey Flashcards
It microorganism capable of causing disease in humans is a
Infectious agent
What are the four types of infectious agents
Viruses bacteria fungi and parasites
HIV chickenpox influenza and hepatitis are examples of what
Viruses
Extremely small organisms that are made up of genetic material known as DNARNA which are used to replicate these require a host cell to reproduce what are they
Viruses
Pulmonary tuberculosis and streptococci example of what
Bacteria
Living organisms that are more complex than viruses have the genetic blueprint to reproduce themselves normally not more than one single cell but can reproduce very rapidly these are what
Bacteria
Ringworm is an example of what
Fungi
Single or multi celled plant like organisms that can cause why variety of infections usually appear on the skin but can infect deeper in the body these are what
Fungi
Lice is an example of what
Parasites
Organisms that live on or in a host and get their food from or at the expense of the host are what
Parasites
Hey source that allows for microbial growth and multiplication examples include people equipment and materials this is what
A reservoir
The means by which the organisms can leave the reservoir some examples include blood skin by coughs and sneezes through the body substances these are examples of what
Portal of exit
The method where by the organisms are transmitted from one place to the next
Motive transportation
In an acupuncture clinic what are the four main transmission routes that are important to understand
Direct contact indirect contact droplet and airborne
The physical transfer of the infected organisms by the direct physical Contact between an infected person and a vulnerable person this is what
Direct contact transmission
Contact through an intermediary such as contaminated equipment or work services this is what
Indirect contact transmission
This is contact you to contaminated splatter or through sneezing or talking with an infected person and a vulnerable person or in close proximity this is an example of what
Droplet
Influenza mumps colds rubella and SARS are examples of transmission of what
Droplets
Residue from evaporated droplets or infected dust particles can remain suspended in the air for extended periods of time this is what
Airborne
Tuberculosis measles and chickenpox or examples of what transmission
Airborne
The site where an organism can gain access to the host is
Portal of entry
A person who lacks the immunity or resistance to the invasion of the body and reproduction by the micro organisms resulting in infection is a
Susceptible host
Order of classic chain of infection
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portals of entry, susceptible host, start over
Objects that have become contaminated with micro organisms and serve as a vehicle of transmission for infection is called
A fomite
The spread of infectious micro organisms to an object is considered
Contamination
Indirect spread of infection from one person to another person via unclean instrument or improper sterilization process is is called
Cross contamination
How does cross-contamination occur
Clean equipment or instruments placed on unclean surfaces, sterile equipment or instruments placed on non-sterile surfaces, in adequate acupuncturist, contaminated instruments and tools are not disposed of promptly and appropriately, linens are not properly cleaned, surfaces and practice environment are not satisfactorily and regularly cleaned
Source of hazard for blood-borne pathogen’s
Needle stick injuries, contaminated surfaces of equipment and furnishings, cups, lancets
Source of hazard for respiratory infectious agents
Patients coughing contaminated surfaces etc.
Intestinal and other parasites source of hazard
Patients with parasitic infections contaminated bedding; skin contact
Source of hazard for other infectious agents
Needle stick injury is contaminated surfaces direct patient contact etc.
Control measures for blood-borne pathogen’s
Immunization, disposable single use sheeted needles, Proper disinfection of cups or other reusable equipment surfaces and linens, Use of sharps container, proper spill response and waste disposal, PPE
Control measures for respiratory infectious agents
Immunization, proper disinfection of surfaces and materials, adequate ventilation, gloves masks protective eyewear as required
Control measures for intestinal and other parasites
Proper disinfection of surfaces and materials, PPE as required
Control measures for other infectious agents
Proper disinfection of cups reusable equipment surfaces and linens, proper disinfection of surfaces and materials, PPE as required
An infection of the liver caused by blank the swelling of the liver due to the reaction of the bodies immune system to the infection it causes acute symptoms but becomes chronic condition it is sometimes asymptomatic vaccination is an effective means to prevent what is this
Hepatitis B
Viral infection of the liver and cause by blank has acute and chronic symptoms contact with blood have elevated risk
Hepatitis C 
More frequently evidenced in locations with poor sensation eating food and drinking water that is contaminated by faecal matter contains what you can prevent this by regular hand washing or use of alcohol-based hand rub
Hepatitis A
Result in progressive deterioration of the immune system and increase vulnerability to infections it is a blood-borne pathogen that spreads mainly through direct contact with certain body fluids including blood this is what
Human immunodeficiency virus HIV
If during the course of treatment practitioners become aware of a communicable reportable disease they must take the necessary steps to report required by provincial legislationTrue or false
True
Routine practises are based on what assumption
That all patients potentially or sources of infection
What do routine practises for acupuncturist include
Conducting risk assessment, hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling and disposal of sharps
The patient’s risk assessment should be performed only at the first interaction True or false
False it should be before each interaction
Steps for respiratory etiquette
Cover the nose/mouth when coughing or sneezing
Use tissues to contain respiratory secretions and dispose of them in the nearest waist receptacle after use
Perform hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions and contaminated objects/materials
What is the most common vesicle of transmission of disease
Hands
What is the most important infection prevention measure
Hand hygiene
Handwashing with liquid hand soap and water should be performed before procedures requiring aseptic technique especially when alcohol-based hand rub is not accessible true or false
True
When does handwashing have to be done
Before and after patient contact after contact with contaminated articles after removing gloves and after inadvertent exposure to blood or body fluids
Gloves are a substitute for handwashing true or false
False
Steps for handwashing
- Remove jewellery before hand washing procedure
- What your hands with warm running water
- Apply liquid soap and lather thoroughly
- Rub your hands vigourously for at least 15 seconds as you wash them
- Wash all surfaces on your hands including; back wrists between fingers under fingernails
- Rinse your hands well leave the water running
- Dry your hands with a single use towel
- Turn off the water using the same towel or with paper towel not with your bare hands
It is OK to turn off the top with bare hands true false
False
Do you want to wet your hands with cold running water true or false
False do you want warm water
Alcohol-based hand rub is the preferred method for decontaminating hands true or false
True when not visibly soiled
It is OK to remove visible soil with hand wipes and use alcohol-based hand rub if running water is not available true or false
True
How long do you rub your hands together using hand sanitizer
At least 15 seconds
It is OK to use paper towels after using hand sanitizer
False
When should handwashing be done
Before and after patient contact or acupuncture treatment
Before and after preparing handling or dispensing herbs or herbal remedies
When hands are contaminated during the treatment
Immediately after inadvertent exposure to blood or body fluid
When hands are visibly soiled
After contact with environmental services or equipment
After removing gloves
Before preparing handling serving or eating food
After handling money or other items that may be contaminated
After answering the phone or using the computer or other electronic devices and returning to a patient
After personal body functions
What percentage of isopropyl alcohol is acceptable as a disinfectant for the skin
70%
It is OK to perform alcohol swipe with overlapping the area that has been swiped True or false
False single swipes
Medical gloves are a substitute for handwashing true or false
False
Recommendations for glove use
Glove use is not required for routine patient care if contact is limited to the patient’s intact skin
Clean non-sterile medical gloves should be used in the following situations:
If exposed to blood or body fluid is anticipated, when bleeding starts during treatment, if exposure to potentially infectious materials such as pus faeces respiratory secretions or accidents of skin lesions is anticipated, when the healthcare worker has skin lesions on his or her hands or when the healthcare worker has HBV or HIV positive status
General purpose reusable utility household gloves are required for housekeeping activities instrument cleaning and decontamination procedures medical gloves are not durable enough for these activities
It is OK to wear medical gloves to disinfect housekeeping or decontamination procedures true or false
False
Exposure of latex gloves soap chlorhexidine or alcohol can cause micro punctures in the gloves resulting in wicking true or false
True
When to wear clean non-sterile medical gloves
Exposure to blood or body fluid as anticipated, bleeding starts during treatment, if exposure to potentially infectious material, when healthcare worker has skin lesions or is positive for HBV or HIV
Mask and provide additional protection for the practitioner or the patient against transmission by droplets or splatter true or false
True
Masks are less effective against airborne infections True or false
True they are more effective against droplet
When do procedural masks need to be replaced
If they become wet or soiled at with each new patient or if the filtration function of the mass becomes impaired with saturation from moisture when breathing
What should be disposed in a sharps container
Needles plum blossom heads and lancets
How much do sharps containers never be more full than
75% or 3/4 of their capacity
It is the responsibility of the practitioner to prevent all patients who have come To her or him for healthcare through vigilant patient management and clean clinical environment true or false
True
How far should patients be from each other in the waiting room to maximize separation as a precaution for infectious disease
2 m or more
What should be additional precautions for infectious patients
Maximize separation of possibly infectious patients, post signs that patients with respiratory a gastrointestinal symptoms should clearly identify this to their practitioner or staff, post signs encouraging respiratory etiquette, offer masks to patients provide tissues waste containers and hand sanitizers
Droplet transmission precautions
Triage the patient from the waiting room as quickly as possible
Use a mask and wear medical gloves while working within 2 m of the patient and offer a mask and hand sanitizer to the patient
At the end of the treatment wipe all horizontal surfaces and utilized instruments with low level disinfectant
What level disinfectant should you use to disinfect surfaces and utilized instruments to prevent droplets transmission
Low-level disinfectant
Contact transmission precautions
Triage the patient from the waiting room as quickly as possible
Wear a medical gloves and gown as appropriate
Offer patient hand sanitizer
At the end of the treatment wipe all horizontal surfaces and identified instruments with low level disinfectants
 when should you see airborne transmission patients
Try to see these patients at the end of the day or during low-volume times
Non-clinical services that are low risk of contamination should be cleaned first then disinfected with a low level disinfectant True or false
True
What are low level disinfectants examples
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Chlorine bleach solution 1:500, one part chlorine and 499 parts water
3% hydrogen peroxide
Phenols 
What kind of gloves should staff use for household disinfecting
Utility gloves
Is there a difference between alcohol-based wipes and a detergent-based wipe
Yes
What’s the difference between alcohol-based wipes and detergent based wipes
Alcohol wipes do not clean and their use is limited to routine environmental decontamination detergent wipes clean but do not disinfect detergent wipes are suitable for environmental cleaning but are not suitable for blood and body fluid
What should clinical contact surfaces be cleaned with
Low level disinfectant or in some instances an intermediate level disinfectant
Examples of intermediate level disinfectant
1:10 household bleach mixed daily or 70 to 90% isopropyl alcohol
Clinical contact services should be disinfected when
After each patient visit
Clinical contact surfaces should be clean with what kind of disinfectant
Low level disinfectant or in some cases intermediate level disinfectant
What kind of gloves should you use when cleaning bloods spills
Household utility gloves
What do you do when cleaning a blood spill
Warehouse hope utility gloves, blot or wipe up as much as possible using disposable towels, dispose towels in a plastic lined and covered container, clean the spill area with a detergent disinfectant dry with disposable towels, use an intermediate level hospital grade disinfectant on the area and follow the manufacturers directions
What level disinfectant do you use for blood spills
Intermediate level hospital grade disinfectant or a 1:10 dilution of household bleach and leave for at least 30 minutes before drying
How should linens be laundered
With hot water 70°C to 80°C and soap if there is no visible soiling bleach can be added as required by soiling
Removal of visible soil from objects and surfaces and normally is accomplished using water with detergents or enzymatic products. Thorough cleaning is vital before high-level disinfection and sterilization because in organic and organic materials that remain on the surface of instruments contains the effectiveness of these procedures
What is this called
Cleaning
 what describes a process used on inanimate objects that kills or destroy as many or all infectious micro organisms, except bacterial spores in healthcare settings
Disinfection
What are objects usually disinfected with
Liquid chemicals
What are a unique class of disinfectants. Unlike sterilization, disinfection does not kill spores. A few disinfectants will kill spores with prolonged exposure times 3 to 12 hours; these are called chemical ______ the same chemicals are used for shorter exposure periods Can act as high-level disinfectants
Sterilants
Disinfection kills spores true or false
Falls
Removes infectious organisms from object so they are safe to handle or discard what is this
Decontamination
An agent that can kill pathogenic organisms or germs the term includes both anti-septic‘s and disinfectants
Germicide
Germicide is both antiseptics and disinfectants true or false
True
Anti-septic and germicide’s can be applied to skin tissue well disinfectants and anti-microbial substances can only be applied in adamant objects true false
True
What kills fungus
Fungicide
What kills spores
Sporicide
Steps for cleaning instruments and equipment
Step one: presoak- in Coldwater with or without detergent presoak instruments
Step two: claim with warm water and detergent use a small brush use utility gloves and ensure instruments are visible to avoid cutting your hands
Step three: rinse with clean warm water for 30 seconds
Step four: disinfect or sterilize-
Disinfect: soak in the disinfectant for the appropriate contact time
Sterilize: Air dry and store in a clean covered container until ready to disinfect or sterilize, disinfect or sterilize directly
Instruments must be properly clean rinse and dry before disinfection and sterilization cleaning true or false
True
12 steps to clean instruments
- Soak items that cannot be immediately cleaned in a container of clean warm water
2. Put on thick rubber utility gloves - Take instruments apart and rinse in sink filled with lukewarm water
- Prepare cleaning sink by adding warm water and detergent
- Clean instrument services by using friction use a brush to clean any crevices or seams in instruments
- Inspect instruments to ensure removal of all visible organic matter
- Drain dirty water rinse cleaned instruments under running water
- Either air dry or dry with disposable towel
9.Store cleaned instruments in a covered container until disinfected or sterilized as required
10. Clean and disinfect the sink - Remove rubber utility gloves and wash rinse and hang to dry
- Perform hand hygiene
Ultrasonic cleaner sterilize or disinfect true or false
False
What level of critical item enters sterile tissue including bloodstream what kind of Cleaning does this require
 critical item that requires cleaning followed by sterilization
What level of critical item contacts in tact mucous membranes or non-intact skin exception being needling followed by cupping in which exposure to blood-borne pathogen‘s require sterilization of coping devices and what type of cleaning does this require
Semi critical item requires cleaning followed by high-level disinfection

What level of critical item is contact with intact skin but not mucous membranes or does not directly contact the patient these items are rarely contaminated what kind of cleaning do they require
Non-critical item cleaning plus low level disinfection
High-level disinfection may sometimes be use for semi critical items they cannot tolerate sterilization True or false
True
List factors that reduce the effectiveness of disinfection and sterilization
Insufficient cleaning as an initial step to remove matter, nature and level of contamination, incorrect dilution of disinfectant, water that is used to hard, in adequate exposure time to the germicide, physical nature of the object, incorrect temperature and pH of the disinfecting process, reduce effectiveness because used past expiry date, reactions to rubber or plastic
A process it on in adamant objects to eliminate mini or all pathogenic organisms except bacterial spores
Disinfection
What should all disinfectants come with in Canada
DIN numbers
What is a DIN number
It means that the manufacturer has to stand behind the claims about which micro organisms it is effective against and describes safe use of the product
What are chemical disinfectants used for
To decontaminate surfaces reservoirs of infectious material and to clean up spills of infectious material
What should chemical disinfectant be based off of
Types of organisms suspected or known, items of surfaces to be decontaminated, hazard posed to the worker by the disinfectant, cost of disinfectant, corrosive sniffs of disinfectant, shelflife and required dilution of disinfectant, material which in activates the disinfectant
What is the free chlorine concentration in household bleach
5.25% equivalent to 52,000 ppm
What dilution ratio is frequently used in clinic areas
1 to 10
What does a 1 to 10 ratio provide of ppm available of chlorine
5200 ppm
When I go up the boat amounts of organic material or present what bleach solution should be used
1 to 10 dilution 2500 ppm
What dilution of bleach should be used for heavy organic contamination
1 to 5 dilution 10,000 ppm
Hypochlorite is corrosive to what
Metal and should not be used to disinfect metal instruments
What level disinfectant will kill all bacteria and viruses but will not kill large numbers of bacterial spores
High level disinfectant
Can chemicals be used as a sterilant with increased exposure time over 10 hours
Yes
What are examples of high-level disinfectants
2% glutaraldehyde
6% hydrogen peroxide
OPA 0.55%
1:50 chlorine bleach solution using 5.25% chlorine bleach
What level disinfectant will kill most bacteria most fun guy and most viruses but does not kill large numbers of bacterial spores
Intermediate level disinfection
Examples of intermediate level disinfectant
70-90% isopropyl alcohol
1:50 chlorine bleach solution 5.25%chlorine bleach
What level disinfectant will kill some bacteria some fungi and some viruses but it is not affective against microbacterium fungi or spores
Level disinfectant
Examples of low level disinfectants
Quaternary ammonium compounds
3% hydrogen peroxide
1:500 chlorine bleach solution
Phenolics 
It is OK to use a low level disinfectant on instruments true or false
False
Applications of low-level disinfectants
Non-critical devices and daily cleaning disinfection of all surfaces
Applications of intermediate level disinfection
Semi critical devices and environmental services
Application of high-level disinfectants
Semi critical devices
