Classifying life and reconstructing phylogenies Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy and phylogeny

A

Taxonomy is the science of classification of organisms

Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

Classification systems

A

Taxonomy
-Kingdom e.g. animalia
-Phylum e.g. chordata
-Class e.g. aves
-Order e.g. passeriformes
-Family e.g. fringillidae
-Genus e.g. geospiza
-Species e.g. geospiza magnirostris

Phylogeny
Cladistic analysis

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3
Q

Cladistic analysis definition

A

a method of reconstructing phylogenetic trees that uses shared derived characters to infer evolutionary relationships

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4
Q

Autapomorphies

A

unique characteristics that are found only in one particular taxon and are not shared with any other taxon

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5
Q

Synapomorphies

A

shared, derived characteristics that are present in two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, but not in more distant ancestors

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6
Q

Symplesiomorphies

A

shared, primitive characteristics that are present in two or more taxa, as well as their ancestors

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7
Q

Analogous

A

similarity due to convergent evolution

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8
Q

Homologous

A

similarity due to common ancestry

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9
Q

Monophyletic group

A

all

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10
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

forgotten some

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11
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

included some

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12
Q

Subdivision of the prokaryotes

A

Two types of prokaryote, eubacteria (bacteria) and archaebacteria (archaea).

Archaea less numerous and diverse, inhabit extreme environments (very hot/salty)

Appears there are two groups of archaea, unsure how related

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