Classifying Infectious Organisms Flashcards
What is a cell?
Cells are the basic function and structural units of all living things
What are the important functions of cells:
- provide structure for the body
- take nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy
- carry out specialized functions
- contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves.
What is a nucleus? Is it found in prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
The Nucleus is the membrane bound organelle (only found in Eukaryotes) that contains genetic material
What are Chromosomes/DNA
Passed from parent to child. Contains specific information that make a creature unique.
What is a Ribosome? Where are they found?
Ribosomes are the site of protein biosynthesis. They are typically found either on the ER or floating in cytoplasm
What is Cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm: is the fluid/jelly like us substance inside cells. It contains nutrients, nucleotides, h2o, ions and enzymes
Lysosomes
In Eukaryotic cells it contains digestive enzymes (enclosed in a vacuole)
Compare and contrast the difference between cilia(cilium) and Flagella.
Cilia are typically finger like projects/appendages used for motion of the cell
Flagella are typically tail like appended used for movement.
Cell wall
Supports cell shape and structure
What is DNA replication?
It is where the cell copies its DNA genome, The main enzyme involved is DNA polymarse.
What is transcription?
Transcription is where the cell makes an RNA copy of the DNA sequence of genes. This is done by enzyme breaking open the double strand ad RNA polymerase reads the DNA and generates mRNA. The DNA gets zipped up. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where it will encounter a ribosome either in the cytoplasm or ER.
What is Translation?
Translation is where the ribosomes uses the RNA sequence of nucleotides to make an amino acid sequence (protein). (The mRNA acts as a code for protein)
Compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
Membrane bound organelles: Pro = no, Euk = yes
Nucleus: Pro = no, Euk = Yes
Cell division: Pro = Binary fission, Euk = Mitosis and Meosis
What is Taxonomy?
It’s a system for classification for living organisms
What is a species and why does it become hard to classify bacteria based off of this?
A species is defined as a population of organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce viable, fertile offspring. The problem with this is that Bacteria and many other microorganism typically reproduce asexually. Also Bacteria sometimes swap DNA between different genetic species.
How are Bacteria classified?
They are classified off of DNA (phylogeny) and ecological niche
How else can microorganism be classified?
Off of there appearance: morphology, flagella, ability to be stained.
Off of biochemistry, metabolic abilities or nutritional needs
Off Genetics
How much DNA do two microorganism need to contain before they are considered to be one species?
97-98% or more of their 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence can be considered the same species
What is a strain?
A Strain is a genetic variant or subtype of microorganism. It may have unique characteristics from other of the same species. Ie) subtype, or subspecies.
What is a stereotype (Serovar)?
A distinct variation witching. Species distinguished by characteristic antigen (surface molecule) that causes immune response
How is binomial nomenclature system work?
The name has two parts (Latin)
First name is the Genus (capilitized and italics) and the second name identifies the species (lower case and italics).
Can also abbreviate E.coli (should be italics)
How are viruses grouped?
based on type of nuclei acid, replication strategy, or morphology
Are virus names italized?
NO
How are virus named?
Can be disease/descriptor
Ie) Influenza A Virus
Named after the scientist that discovered it
Ie) Epstein-Barr virus
Or named after the location of the first characterized outbreak:
Ie) Zika virus, Spanish Flu
How would you typically define a bacteria?
‘Simple’ single called organisms with no nucleus and no internal organelles. Most processes a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
What are cells?
They are the basic building block of all living things
What is DNA the blueprint for?
DNA is the blueprint for making protein.
What are the 2 main types of cells?
Eukaryotes and Prokaryote
What are the 3 Domains of life?
Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryotic
