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Geography Changing economic world > Classifying and measuring development > Flashcards

Classifying and measuring development Flashcards

1
Q

what is economic development?

A

positive economic change that makes things better

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2
Q

what does economic development usually mean?

A

people’s standard of living and quality of life will improve

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3
Q

what is the development gap?

A

the difference in standards of living between the worlds richest and poorest countries

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4
Q

what are the different components of quality of life?

A

-economic
-physical
-psychological
-social

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5
Q

what are some examples of the social component of quality of life?

A

-family/friends
-education
-health

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6
Q

what are some examples of the economic component of quality of life?

A

-income
-job security
-standard of living

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7
Q

what are some examples of the physical component of quality of life?

A

-diet/nutrition
-water supply
-environmental hazards
-climate

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8
Q

what are some examples of the psychological component of quality of life?

A

-happiness
-security
-freedom

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9
Q

what is quality of life?

A

how happy you are

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10
Q

what is standard of living?

A

how rich you are

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11
Q

what does per capita mean?

A

per person

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12
Q

what does HDI stand for?

A

Human Development Index

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13
Q

what are the measures used to produce the HDI?

A

-life expectancy at birth
-number of years of education
-GNI per head

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14
Q

how is HDI expressed?

A

it’s expressed in values 0-1, where 1 is highest

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15
Q

what are the different ways of classifying the world by economic development?

A

-GNI
-level of industrial change

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16
Q

what does GNI stand for?

A

Gross National Income

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17
Q

how do you calculate GNI?

A
  1. divide by the population of a country to produce per capita
  2. covert to US dollars
  3. each figure can be adjusted to each country based on income
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18
Q

describe the model of industrial change

A

LICs would have the majority of their jobs in the primary sector as farmers. NEEs would have most of their jobs in the secondary sector and HICs would have most of their jobs in the tertiary sector.

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19
Q

what are the different ways of classifying the world by quality of life?

A

-HDI

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20
Q

what is the link between GNI and HDI?

A

Areas of high income have a high HDI and areas of low income have a low HDI. This shows that the wealthier a country is- the happier it is. This could be because a high income increases GNI per head, it also increases the number of years of education as it’s easier to afford education and it also increases life expectancy as it is easier to afford healthcare- these are all used to calculate HDI. Essentially GNI and HDI are the same thing.

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21
Q

what are the other methods of classifying the world by quality of life?

A

-Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
-Happiness Index

22
Q

what are the economic measures of development?

A
23
Q

what is the definition of GNI?

A

used to measure a countries level of economic development using wealth and income

24
Q

what are the global variations for GNI per capita?

A

in the USA its $55200 however in Zimbabwe it’s $840

25
Q

what are the limitations of GNI?

A

-very wealthy people in smaller areas can skew results
-does not reflect degree of inequality within a country

26
Q

what are the social measures of development?

A

-birthrate
-death rate
-infant mortality
-life expectancy
-people per doctor
-literacy rate
-access to water
-HDI

27
Q

what is the definition of birthrate?

A

the amount of births in a country per 100 per year

28
Q

what are the global variations for birthrate?

A

in Nigeria it’s 37.64 whereas in Japan it’s 7.93

29
Q

what are the limitations of birth rate?

A

most countries don’t keep accurate accounts of birthrates

30
Q

what is the definition of death rate?

A

the amount of people who die in a country per year

31
Q

what are the global variations for death rate?

A

Nigeria’s death rate is 12.90 whereas Bangladesh’s death rate is 5.61

32
Q

what are the limitations of death rate?

A

-not a very accurate measure

33
Q

what is the definition of infant mortality?

A

deaths before the age of 1

34
Q

what are the global variations for infant mortality?

A

the UK figure is just four deaths per year but Somalia have over 100

35
Q

what are the limitations of infant mortality?

A

in the worlds poorest countries not all infant deaths are recorded

36
Q

what is the definition of life expectancy?

A

the average number of years a person can be expected to live

37
Q
A
38
Q

what are the global variations for life expectancy?

A

most NEEs have a life expectancy of 65-75 years whereas in a LIC it’s 55 years

39
Q

what are the limitations of life expectancy?

A

in countries where infant mortality is high, the life expectancy of those who survive childhood is actually far higher than the mean life expectancy suggests

40
Q

what is the definition of people per doctor?

A

the number of people who depend on a single doctor for their healthcare needs

41
Q

what are the global variations for people per doctor?

A

the UK doctor to patient ratio s 1:350 whereas in Afghanistan it’s 1:5000

42
Q

what are the limitations of people per doctor?

A

some people use mobile phones to get healthcare advice which is not taken into account by ‘people per doctor’ measurement

43
Q

what is the definition of literacy rate?

A

the percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills

44
Q

what are the global variations for literacy rate?

A

most EU countries have a literacy rate of 99%, in some LICs it’s 40-50%

45
Q

what are the limitations for literacy rate?

A

carrying out surveys to determine literacy in rural populations or squatter settlements in LICs is difficult

46
Q

what is the definition of access to water?

A

the percentage of people who have access to water that does not carry a health risk

47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q

what are the limitations for access to water?

A

water quality can decline due to flooding or poor maintenance of water pipes- official data may underestimate these problems

49
Q

what are the global variations for access to water?

A

all EU citizens must have access to safe water by law, in rural Angola, just 34% of people have access to safe water

50
Q

what are the global variations for HDI?

A

Norway’s HDI is 183 and the US’ HDI is 187

51
Q

what are the limitations of HDI?

A

only measures income, life expectancy and education- PQLI measures more

Geography Changing economic world (7 decks)

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