Classification Of Bacteria

Question 1

What are the shapes that bacteria can come in?

Answer 1

Streptococcus or staphylococcus. Cocci=round, bacilli=rod, spiral shaped

Question 2

Streptococcus vs staphylococcus

Answer 2

Strep=chain and staph=clusters

Both gram positive

Question 3

What bacteria is co-agulase positive and what does this mean?

Answer 3

Staphylococcus aureus - clots blood

Question 4

Staphylococcus aureus causes…

Answer 4

MRSA and MSSA (methicillin resistant vs sensitive)

Question 5

What will a gel sample positive with staphylococcus aureus show?

Answer 5

Thick gel

Question 6

What are the symptoms of MRSA?

Answer 6

Skin boils, soft tissue infections, abscesses

Question 7

What is a treatment for staphyloccus aureus caused MRSA or MSSA?

Answer 7

Vancomycin (glycopeptide) or linzolid (oxazolidonone)

Question 8

What 3 groups can streptococci be split into?

Answer 8

A-haemolytic (green agar, partial haemolysis )

b-haemolytic (clear agar, full haemolysis)

non-haemolytic

Question 9

How many groups can b-haemolytic streptococcus be split into?

Answer 9

A-G. Based on surface antigens

Question 10

What is enterococcus bacteria?

Answer 10

Gram positive cocci in group D arranged in short chains of 2 - pairs

Question 11

What bacteria is in group A b-haemolytic?

Answer 11

Necrotising fasciitis - flesh eating bacteria. Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 12

What bacteria is a-haemolytic?

Answer 12

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 13

What infections can streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

Answer 13

Pneumonia, meningitis, septicaemia

Question 14

How can we test for streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 14

Sputum sample for pneumonia. Cerebrospinal fluid sample for meningitis.

Question 15

What is an example of a gram positive bacilli bacterium?

Answer 15

Clostridiodes difficile

Question 16

Is clostridiodes dificille aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 16

Anaerobic

Question 17

How is bacterium classified on a diagram?

Answer 17

Aerobic/anaerobic
Cocci/ bacilli
Streptococcus/staphylococcus (if relevant)

Question 18

How do we identify clostridiodes difficile in a human? (It’s name)

Answer 18

Antigens or stool. Very difficult to culture, given its name

Question 19

Where is c. difficile found and how does infection emerge?

Answer 19

Found in many babies and adults as part of gut commence. Infection develops usually when taking antibiotics for something else

Question 20

Transmission and symptoms of clostridiodes difficile?

Answer 20

Releases toxins. Transmitted via spores. Causes diarrhoea, can be fatal

Question 21

What colour staining can we expect to see on gram positive and negative bacteria?

Answer 21

P=purple. N=red

Question 22

What is Coliform?

Answer 22

Bacteria always present on animal surfaces healthily.

Question 23

What makes escherichia coli virulent?

Answer 23

Factors that allow it to spread illness. Capsid, pili, endotoxins, exotoxins

Question 24

What is an example of a gram negative bacilli that ferments in lactose to turn pink?

Answer 24

Escherichia coli

Question 25

What infections does E-coli cause?

Answer 25

urinary tract infections (UTI), septicaemia, meningitis

Question 26

Where is pseudonomas found, and what infection can it cause?

Answer 26

Colonises soil and water. Can cause septicaemia, bacteraemia and rarely pneumonia

Question 27

What antibiotics can treat pseudomonas?

Answer 27

Aminoglycosides - gentamycin with b-lactams (penicillin or cepharosporins) or carbapenem

Question 28

Which antibiotics should be taken to treat escherichia coli?

Answer 28

None. Not recommended

Question 29

What is bacteroides fragilitis?

Answer 29

An anaerobic gram negative bacteria, bacilli. Found as normal gut flora

Question 30

Where in the body are gram negative anaerobes found?

Answer 30

GI tract and oral cavities

Question 31

What infection can bacteroides fragilitis cause?

Answer 31

If escapes gut, Intra-abdominal abscess

Question 32

Gut vs GI tract?

Answer 32

Gut is entire GI tract, from mouth to anus. GI includes stomach

Question 33

Why are some bacteria miscellaneous?

Answer 33

They are neither gram positive nor negative and don’t stain using grams method

Question 34

How do we stain miscellaneous bacteria?

Answer 34

E.g. mycobacterium, using ZN or Auramine stains

Question 35

What increases an individuals chances of developing mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 35

Having HIV

Question 36

What is mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 36

Slow growing (2-4 weeks) miscellaneous, aerobic bacterium

Question 37

How genetic variation occur in a bacteria cell?

Answer 37

Spontaneous mutation or transfer of bacterial DNA

Question 38

What is an example of a gram negative cocci?

Answer 38

Neisseria Meningitidis

Question 39

What symptoms does N. Meningitidis cause and how do we test for it?

Answer 39

Causes meningitis - inflammation of meninges - and septicaemia - bacteria in the blood.

Require CSF and blood sample

Question 40

What is pseudonomas?

Answer 40

Gram negative bacilli. Multiple drug resistant (MDR)

Question 41

What is Clostridiodes Difficile?

Answer 41

Gram positive bacilli

Question 42

What is a coliform bacterium?

Answer 42

Gram negative bacilli, like e-Coli, found in the gut

Question 43

What are 2 other infections caused by e-coli?

Answer 43

Enterotoxogenic - diarrhoea in travellers
Enterohaemorragic - bloody diarrhoea - contaminated water

Question 44

Who commonly develops pseudonyms and what kind of bacteria is it?

Answer 44

Children with cystic fibrosis. gram negative bacilli non-lactose fermenting

Question 45

What are the 4 miscellaneous bacteria?

Answer 45

Mycobacterium, mycoplasma, spirochetes, chlamydia

Question 46

What do spirochetes cause?

Answer 46

Syphillis and lyme disease