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Principles Of Disease W6 - 10 > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (swelling)
Dolor (pain)
Loss of function

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2
Q

What are 5 causes of acute inflammation?

A

Dead tissue (necrosis irritates tissue)
Pathogens
Chemical (acid, alkali)
Mechanical (tissue trauma)
Physical (extreme - sunburn/frostbite)

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3
Q

Where is the site of acute inflammation and why?

A

Micro circulation - capillary beds

Very fast to respond to stimuli

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4
Q

What happens to blood vessels in acute inflammatory response?

A

Radius increases so more blood flows to site

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5
Q

What happens to permeability of vessels in acute inflammatory response?

A

Increases - allows neutrophils and fluids to exit into extracellular space via EXUDATION

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6
Q

What is the effect of increased permeability of vessels and exudation?

A

Oedema is formed at the site of inflammation - causing tumour.

Fluid is lost from vessel which increases viscosity and slows blood flow

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7
Q

What happens to RBC’s and Neutrophils when in acute inflammatory response?

A

Blood flow changes, so RBC’s accumulate in the middle and Neutrophils migrate to the endothelium.

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8
Q

How do Neutrophils exit the cell in an acute inflammatory response?

A

Margination (move towards endothelium),
Pavement (bind to endothelium),
Emigrate (squeeze through endothelial cells and exit) and

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9
Q

Explain the process of resolution of acute inflammation

A

Inciting agent is destroyed and macrophages phagocytose waste. Epithelial regenerates and the exudates are filtered away. Vascularity returned to normal

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10
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a molecule/cell in response to increasing/decreasing conc. of a specific substance

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11
Q

Why is pus produces at a site of inflammation?

A

Neutrophils phagocytose products and release waste - fluid with cells and organisms

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12
Q

How can pus leas to a increased inflammatory response?

A

It may extend to other tissues and caused a response there too

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13
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen in the inflammatory response?

A

Plasma protein involved in Coagulation. It’s released with the other ‘fluid’ from the vessel. Forms clots and allows inflammation to have a protective barrier (localisation)

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14
Q

What type of mediators are involved in the acute inflammatory response?

A
  • Molecules on surface membrane
  • Molecules inside cell/plasma
  • Molecules released from cell
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15
Q

What is the role of mediators found on the cells surface?

A

To make endothelium sticky so neutrophils can pavement/ adhere to it

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16
Q

What are the 5 collective effects of cell mediators?

A

Vasodilation
Permeability
Neutrophil adhesion
Chemotaxis
Itch and pain

17
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins as a mediator?

A

Released from cell. Promote histamine effects and inhibits inflammatory cells

18
Q

What is the role of histamine as a mediator?

A

Released from cell. cause vasodilation and increased permeability

19
Q

What is the role of serotonin as a mediator?

A

Released from cells. causes vasoconstriction (to oppose the vasodilation effects of histamine)

20
Q

What is the role of cytokines and chemokines as mediators?

A

Released from WBC’s and can have pro or anti-inflammatory effects

21
Q

What is the role of NO and oxygen free radicals as mediators?

A

NO released from many cells and relaxes smooth muscle
O2 free radicals released from neutrophils (phagocytosis) and amplify the effects of other mediators

22
Q

What are the 2 main inflammatory pathways? What do they do?

A

NFkB (nuclear factor kappa b)

MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase)

Provoke cytokine production in nucleus, reducing inflammatory effect

23
Q

What does JAK-STAT involve?

A

Translation of extracellular signals directly to molecular expression

24
Q

When is plasma exudates and what is its roles (2)

A

First to be exudated. Has blood clotting factors to stop bleeding if present. Releases anti microbial to kill pathogens.

25
Q

What are 3 outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Suparation, organisation, dissemination

26
Q

What does suparation involve?

A

The formation of pus, surrounded by pyogenic membrane. If under pressure, can form abscess

27
Q

Empyema vs pyaemia

A

Pockets of pus in a body cavity vs release of pus into blood stream

28
Q

What does organisation involve?

A

Formation of granulation tissue as response to acute inflammation which didn’t resolve and caused permanent damage as a scar

29
Q

What does dissemination involve?

A

Pus being released to blood stream which may lead to sepsis

Principles Of Disease W6 - 10 (17 decks)

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