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Hematology > Classification of Anaemia > Flashcards

Classification of Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Anaemia is

A

Reduction in haemoglobin level or pcv level

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2
Q

Pregnant women have higher level of haemoglobin T/F. Why?

A

False

Due to haemodilution caused by expanded plasma volume.

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3
Q

Haemoglobin level is Highest and is lowest at?

A

Newborn and 2months

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4
Q

Adult haemoglobin level is reached at

A

Puberty

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5
Q

Grading of anaemia

A

Mild- lower limit-10g/dL
Moderate- 10-7g/dL
Severe- <7g/dL

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6
Q

Pseudo anaemia occurs when and what causes it

A

3rd trimester of pregnancy

Increased plasma volume

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7
Q

Various best methods for haemoglobin conc

A

Colorimetric
-Visual - sahli’s acid haematin method

Photoelectric
Cyanmethaemoglobin-most accurate
Oxyhaemoglobin

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8
Q

Pcv is related to haemoglobin conc by

A

3 times the value of haemoglobin conc in g/dL

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9
Q

Uses of pcv

A
  • detection of anaemia and polycythemia
  • calculation of MCV and MCHC
  • checking accuracy of haemoglobin level
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10
Q

Mention the 2 methods for determining pcv

A

Macro method- Wintrobe

Micro method- Microhematocrit

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11
Q

Colorless plasma is indicative of

A

Iron deficiency Anaemia

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12
Q

Pink coloured plasma is indicative of

A

Haemolysis

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13
Q

Yellow plasma is indicative of

A

Jaundice

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14
Q

Mention the different causes of Anaemia

A

Nutritional- Iron,folate, Vit B12 deficiency.

Infections- Tuberculosis, malaria, kala-Azar, HIV, Hookworm

Inherited- Thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, G6PD deficiency.

Blood-loss- Obstetrics problem

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15
Q

Mention all anaemia due to impaired RBC production

A
  1. ) Megaloblastic anaemia( Vit B12& folate)
  2. )Iron deficiency Anaemia
  3. )Sideroblastic anaemia
  4. )Aplastic Anaemia
  5. )Anaemia of chronic disease
  6. Anaemia of chronic kidney disease
  7. Anaemia of chronic liver disease
  8. Anaemia in endocrine disorder
  9. Myelophthisic anaemia
  10. Congenital diserythropoeitic Anaemia
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16
Q

Mention all anaemia due to RBC destruction (Haemolytic Anaemia)

A

Abnormality intrinsic to red cells
- Hereditary spherocytosis & Hereditaryelliptocytosis(Membrane defects.
-defectsinhaemoglobin( Thalassemia(quantitative), sickle cell(qualitative).
- G6PD and pyruvate kinase deficiency
Abnormality extrinsic to red cells
-Immune haemolytic(auto,allo,Drug-induced)
- Mechanical( March hemoglobinuria, cardiac, microangiopathic)
-Hyper splenism
-Direct action of physical, chemical and infection(Malaria)

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17
Q

Symptoms of Anaemia

A 
Pallor
Effort dyspnoea
Easy fatiguability
Tachycardia
Worst case congestive cardiac failure
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18
Q

An intense abnormal desire to eat strange substances such as starch or pica is associated with

A

Iron deficiency Anaemia

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19
Q

Anaemia manifesting during pregnancy is suggestive of

A

Nitritional deficiency of e.g folate,Iron

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20
Q

When a chronic alcoholic presents with Anaemia, aetiological considerations includes

A
  • Vit B12 and folate, Iron deficiency sec to bleeding
  • chronic liver disease
  • sideroblastic anaemia
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21
Q

Types of Anaemia that drugs cause

A
  • Hypo plastic Anaemia(cytotoxic drugs like phenylbutazone)
  • Megaloblastic Anaemia( methotrexate, anticonvulsant)
  • iron deficiency( Aspirin secondary to gastric blood loss)
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22
Q

History of jaundice or gallstone in a patient or even close relative could indicate

A

Haemolytic Anaemia

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23
Q

Peripheral blood smear is stained by

A

Romanowsky stain

24
Q

Nomocytic Normochromic

A

Red cells with normal size( Has a small area of central pallor

25
Q

Microcytic hypochromic

A

small size, has a large area of central pallor

26
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Significant variation in size of cells

27
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Variation in shape of red cells

28
Q

Spherocytes

A

Small and densely staining with no central pallor

29
Q

Target cells

A

Cells with accumulation of haemoglobin in center

30
Q

Schistocytes

A

Irregular fragmented cells appearing as helmet shaped and triangular

31
Q

Burr cells

A

Cells with many spiny, small, regularly spaced projections

32
Q

Tear-drop red cells

A

Cells with a tapering drop-like shape

33
Q

Polychromatic red cells

A

Slightly larger red cells with faint Blue-green tiny due to ribosomal RNA present

34
Q

Howell-jolly body

A

Round, purple nuclear remnants in red cells

35
Q

Rouleaux

A

Arrangement of red cells like a stack of coin

36
Q

Reticulocyte contains RNA remnants. T/F

A

True

37
Q

What dyes does RNA stain

A

Supravital dyes- cresyl blue or new methylene blue

38
Q

What count is performed to assess the erythropoietic activity of bone marrow in Anaemia

A

Reticulocyte count

39
Q

After reticulocyte formation in the bone marrow, where do they stay for maturation

A

2 days in the bone marrow

1 day in the peripheral blood

40
Q

What happens to reticulocyte production in Haemolytic Anaemia or acute blood loss

A

They are released prematurely, where they require more time(2days) to mature.

Means there is an increase in reticulocyte(2 times) in Haemolytic Anaemia

41
Q

Mention the causes of reticulocytosis

A

Acute blood loss
Haemolytic Anaemia
Response to specific therapy in Nutritional Anaemia

42
Q

Causes of reticulocytopenia

A

Generally in deficient red cell production

  • Iron deficiency Anaemia
  • Megaloblastic Anaemia
  • Aplastic Anaemia
  • Anaemia due to marrow infiltration(Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic cancer)
  • Anaemia of Chronic disease
43
Q

Anaemias are classified as-,-&- under the basis of MCV

A

Normocytic
Microcytic
Macrocytic

44
Q

Low MCH is found in what Anaemias.

A

Microcytic hypochric Anaemia

45
Q

High MCH is found in

A

Macrocytic Anaemia

46
Q

MCV is found to be normal in all types of Anaemia. T/F

A

False

47
Q

Low MCHC is found in

A

Microcytic hypochromic Anaemia( in Severe Iron deficiency Anaemia but not in Thalassemia)

48
Q

High MCHC is found in

A

Hereditary Spherocytosis

49
Q

MCV is low in

A

Iron deficiency Anaemia

B-Thalassemia

50
Q

The RDW is useful in distinguishing what Anaemias

A

Iron deficiency Anaemia

B-thalassemia

51
Q

What are the red cell indices for microcytic hypochromic iron deficiency Anaemia

A

Low MCV,MCH & MCHC

Increased RDW

52
Q

What are the red cell indices for Thalassemia

A

Low MCV, MCH

Normal MCHC & RDW

53
Q

MCV <80fL Anaemia

A

Iron deficiency Anaemia
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease

54
Q

MCV >100fL

A 
Megaloblastic Anaemia 
Non Megaloblastic Anaemia 
Liver disease
Haemolytic Anaemia 
Alcoholism
Hypothyroidism
Myelodysplastic syndrome
55
Q

MCV 80-100fL. Anaemias

A

Aplastic Anaemia
Chronic renal failure
Myelophthisic Anaemia

56
Q

What are some other investigations in Anaemia

A

Bone marrow aspiration

Direct coomb’s test- test for autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia

Iron deficiency- Serum iron, Serum Ferritin, Total Iron Binding Capacity

Megaloblastic Anaemia- red cell folate, red cell vitamin B12, Serum homocysteine

Hematology (8 decks)

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