Classification-EVAL Flashcards
A LIMITATION of schizophrenia diagnosis is SYMPTOM OVERLAP
both SZ and BIPOLAR disorder involve PSO symptoms like delusions and NEG symptoms like avolition.
Therefore the overlap makes class and diagnosis of sz DIFFICULT as we may NOT be measuring what we’re supposed to be when diagnosing patients and also when CLASSIFYING symptoms of sz.
Therefore LOWERs validity.
HOWEVER!!!!
under the ICD patient may be diagnosed with sz but under the DSM same patients diagnoses with bd. Therefore suggests that there’s a low CRITERION validity in the classification and diagnosis of sz as the TWO systems do NOT arrive at the SAME diagnosis.
A LIMITATION of schizophrenia diagnosis is CULTURE BIAS
African americans and people with african origins are MORE likely to be diagnoses with sz in the UK. But rates within the west indies and africa aren’t so high. This is NOT due to genetic vulnerability as if it WAS we would expect the rates to be SIMILAR in diff cultures.
Therefore, the rate may be HIGHER in the UK due to culture bias in diagnosis os Sz.
This is an IMPOSED ETIC as behaviour which may be acceptable is an EMIC in Africa, may not be in the UK. Therfeore suggests that classification is an imposed etic for those from OTHER cultures and shoes a culture bias.
THEREFORE this LOWERS the validity of the diagnosis of sz as we may not be measuring what we are supposed to be, and diagnosing someone who does NOT have Sz due to cultural bias in the psychiatric system.
A LIMITATION of schizophrenia diagnosis is GENDER BIAS
RESARCH has shown that studies since 80’s have diagnosed more MEN than women. 2009 study found that WOMEN function BETTER than men with sz. This may EXPLAIN how some women ESCAPE diagnosis due to better INTERPERSONAL functioning compared to men.
Therefore, this means that we may NOT be measuring what we are supposed to be. WE may not diagnose a woman with Sz when we SHOULD have, due to GENDER bias in the system UNDER-DIAGNOSING women.
Therefore suggests that diagnosis of sz may only be VALID for MEN and lacks validity for women.
A LIMITATION of schizophrenia diagnosis is LOW RELIABILITY
Chenaiux asked two psychologists to INDEPENDENTLY diagnose 100 patients using the DSM and ICD.
psychologist 1:
* 26 DSM
* 44 with ICD
psychologist 2:
*13 DSM
*24 ICD
Therefore this shows a LACK of consistency btw psychologists and so a low RELIABILITY in the diagnosis of sz. Low INTER_RATER RELIABILITY as the 2 psychologists did NOT agree in the diagnoses of sz patients making it an issue.
HOWEVER!!
Osorio more RECENTLY found GOOD reliability between 180 individuals using the DSM.
5 pairs of interviewers had inter-rater reliability of 0.97 and test-re-test reliability of 0.92
Therefore suggests that the reliability of the diagnosis of sz has IMPROVED in terms of inter-rater reliability and so psychologists are CONSISTENT between themselves and there is also GOOD test-retest reliability suggesting consistency over time in the diagnosis and classification of sz.
A LIMITATION of schizophrenia diagnosis is VALIDITY
use the CRITERION validity to asssess validity. Chaniaux study shows sz is MORE likely to be diagnosed with the ICD rather than DSM.
PROBLEM with the diagnosis of sz as the 2 classification systems are leading to DIFFERENT rates of diagnosis.
suggests that the classification systems are NOT measuring what they’re supposed to be.
Either the ICD is OVER-diagnosing Sz or the DSM is UNDER-diagnosing.
Either way there is a LOW criterion validity with regards to classification of sz.
A LIMITATION of schizophrenia diagnosis is COMORBIDITY
Sz is COMMONLY diagnosed with OTHER disorders. Buckley conducted a REVIEW and found that HALF patients with a diagnosis of sz also have a diagnosis of DEPRESSION or substancce abuse. PTSD also occurs in 29% of cases and OCD 23%
this therefore would cause PROBLEMS with both classification and diagnosis of sz. If 50% of sx patients ALSO have depression this may mean we may NOT be meausringn what awe are supposed to be, suggesting a low VALDIITY in diagnosis of sz.
Also, if depression and sz are so SIMILAR perhaps they should be classified as the SAME condition.
suggests that the classification of sz and depression as SEPARATE disorders may lack validity.
