classification and evolution

Question 1

what is classification?

Answer 1

the grouping of organisms together

Question 2

what is a taxon?

Answer 2

a group of similar organisms

Question 3

what is taxonomy?

Answer 3

the study of classification

Question 4

what is the hierarchial classification system?

Answer 4

kingdom, phylum, class, order, famil, genus, species

Question 5

how does the bionomial naming system work?

Answer 5

the first name is the genus (use capital letter). the second name is the species (lower case letter)

Question 6

what is the definition of a species in a biological sense?

Answer 6

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 7

what is the def of species in a phylogenetic sense?

Answer 7

a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

Question 8

how is DNA used to identify a species?

Answer 8

since the genetic code is universal, the more similar the sequence in part of the DNA, the closely related the species are

Question 9

how is cytochrome c used to identify a species?

Answer 9

a protein molecule used in respiration. if the amino acid sequence is the same, the 2 species must be the same

Question 10

what are the five kingdoms?

Answer 10

prokaryote, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Question 11

describe features of the prokaroytae kingdom

Answer 11

unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, small ribosomes, no nucleus, nutrients r absorbed through cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis

Question 12

describe features of protoctista kingdom

Answer 12

mainly unicellular. has nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.some are sessile, some have cilia, flagella to move. both autotrophic and heterotrophic.some are parasitic

Question 13

describe features of fungi kingdom

Answer 13

unicellular or multicellular. has nucleus and membrane bound organelles and chitin cell wall. nutrients acquired from absorbtion mainly decaying material (saprophytic feeders)

Question 14

what is phylogeny?

Answer 14

the study of evolutionary relationships between species, looking at how closely related they are

Question 15

what were darwin’s observations?

Answer 15

all organisms over reproduce. population nmbers tend to remain fairly constant. organisms in a species show variation. some variation are inherited

Question 16

what were darwin’s deductions?

Answer 16

there is competition for survival. those individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive. organisms will pass on inherited characteristic to their offspring

Question 17

what are three evidence for evolution?

Answer 17

fossils, biological molecules, comparitive anatomy

Question 18

how do fossils show evidence for evolution?

Answer 18

fossils show old species have died out and have been replaced with new ones. new species that have appeared are often similar to the older ones found in the same place

Question 19

how do biological molecules show evidence for evolution?

Answer 19

2 closely related species will have separately recent so their biological molecules are likely to be similar/identical. i.e. cytochrome c and dna

Question 20

how do comparitive anatomy show evidence for evolution?

Answer 20

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species. homologous structures

Question 21

what is intraspecific variation?

Answer 21

the variation shown by individuals of the same species. i.e. height, build, IQ

Question 22

what is interspecific variation?

Answer 22

the variation shown between species

Question 23

what is the difference betwen genetic and environmental variation?

Answer 23

genetic can be passed on and enviromental variation cannot be passed on

Question 24

what are some causes of genetic variation?

Answer 24

alleles, mutations, meiosis, chancem sexual reproduction

Question 25

what are examples of genetic and environmental variations?

Answer 25

phenotype -> observable characteristics
genotype -> combination of inherited alleles

Question 26

what is discontinous variation?

Answer 26

tend to be purely genetic factors. clear cut differences and no inbetweens. the data is discrete. e.g sex, blood group

Question 27

how is discontinous data presented?

Answer 27

bar graphs

Question 28

what is continous variation?

Answer 28

characteristics are controlled by several genes (polygenic inheritance) which are often influenced by environment. can take any value. e.g. height

Question 29

how would continous data be presented?

Answer 29

data collected in frequency tables and plotted on a histogram with curve drawn to show trend

Question 30

what is adaptation?

Answer 30

any variation that helps an organism survive

Question 31

give examples of anatomical adaptations alongside how marram grass is adapted through this

Answer 31

body coverings, camoflauge, teeth, mimicry. marram grass has long roots, wide root network and low denstiy of stomata

Question 32

give examples of behavioural adaptations alongside how marram grass is adapted through this

Answer 32

surivial, courtship, seasonal behaviour
marram grass -> rolling of leaves and closing stomata in response to shortageof water

Question 33

give examples of physiological adaptations alongside how marram grass is adapted through this

Answer 33

poison production, antibiotic production
marram grass -> guard cells gaining and losing turgidity

Question 34

what is analogous structures? give an example

Answer 34

different structure but same functions, i.e. whale and fish tails have same role but different structure

Question 35

what is the theory of natural selection? (5)

Answer 35

mutation -> variation -> competition -> survival of fittest -> reproduction and inheritance

Question 36

give example of antiobiotic resistance through natural selection

Answer 36

MRSA has developed resistance to many antibiotics. mutation arose and resistant individuals survived when facing antibiotics

Question 37

give exmaple of insects resistance through natural selection

Answer 37

sheep blowflies lay eggs in faecal matter and then larvae hatch and causes sores. the pesticide diazinon was used and within 6 years the blowflies were highly resistant