classification and evolution Flashcards
what is classification?
the grouping of organisms together
what is a taxon?
a group of similar organisms
what is taxonomy?
the study of classification
what is the hierarchial classification system?
kingdom, phylum, class, order, famil, genus, species
how does the bionomial naming system work?
the first name is the genus (use capital letter). the second name is the species (lower case letter)
what is the definition of a species in a biological sense?
a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring
what is the def of species in a phylogenetic sense?
a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics
how is DNA used to identify a species?
since the genetic code is universal, the more similar the sequence in part of the DNA, the closely related the species are
how is cytochrome c used to identify a species?
a protein molecule used in respiration. if the amino acid sequence is the same, the 2 species must be the same
what are the five kingdoms?
prokaryote, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia
describe features of the prokaroytae kingdom
unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, small ribosomes, no nucleus, nutrients r absorbed through cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis
describe features of protoctista kingdom
mainly unicellular. has nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.some are sessile, some have cilia, flagella to move. both autotrophic and heterotrophic.some are parasitic
describe features of fungi kingdom
unicellular or multicellular. has nucleus and membrane bound organelles and chitin cell wall. nutrients acquired from absorbtion mainly decaying material (saprophytic feeders)
what is phylogeny?
the study of evolutionary relationships between species, looking at how closely related they are
what were darwin’s observations?
all organisms over reproduce. population nmbers tend to remain fairly constant. organisms in a species show variation. some variation are inherited
what were darwin’s deductions?
there is competition for survival. those individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive. organisms will pass on inherited characteristic to their offspring
what are three evidence for evolution?
fossils, biological molecules, comparitive anatomy
how do fossils show evidence for evolution?
fossils show old species have died out and have been replaced with new ones. new species that have appeared are often similar to the older ones found in the same place
how do biological molecules show evidence for evolution?
2 closely related species will have separately recent so their biological molecules are likely to be similar/identical. i.e. cytochrome c and dna
how do comparitive anatomy show evidence for evolution?
the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species. homologous structures
what is intraspecific variation?
the variation shown by individuals of the same species. i.e. height, build, IQ
what is interspecific variation?
the variation shown between species
what is the difference betwen genetic and environmental variation?
genetic can be passed on and enviromental variation cannot be passed on
what are some causes of genetic variation?
alleles, mutations, meiosis, chancem sexual reproduction
what are examples of genetic and environmental variations?
phenotype -> observable characteristics
genotype -> combination of inherited alleles
what is discontinous variation?
tend to be purely genetic factors. clear cut differences and no inbetweens. the data is discrete. e.g sex, blood group
how is discontinous data presented?
bar graphs
what is continous variation?
characteristics are controlled by several genes (polygenic inheritance) which are often influenced by environment. can take any value. e.g. height
how would continous data be presented?
data collected in frequency tables and plotted on a histogram with curve drawn to show trend
what is adaptation?
any variation that helps an organism survive
give examples of anatomical adaptations alongside how marram grass is adapted through this
body coverings, camoflauge, teeth, mimicry. marram grass has long roots, wide root network and low denstiy of stomata
give examples of behavioural adaptations alongside how marram grass is adapted through this
surivial, courtship, seasonal behaviour
marram grass -> rolling of leaves and closing stomata in response to shortageof water
give examples of physiological adaptations alongside how marram grass is adapted through this
poison production, antibiotic production
marram grass -> guard cells gaining and losing turgidity
what is analogous structures? give an example
different structure but same functions, i.e. whale and fish tails have same role but different structure
what is the theory of natural selection? (5)
mutation -> variation -> competition -> survival of fittest -> reproduction and inheritance
give example of antiobiotic resistance through natural selection
MRSA has developed resistance to many antibiotics. mutation arose and resistant individuals survived when facing antibiotics
give exmaple of insects resistance through natural selection
sheep blowflies lay eggs in faecal matter and then larvae hatch and causes sores. the pesticide diazinon was used and within 6 years the blowflies were highly resistant
