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Biology mark scheme > Classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

Classification and biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Distinguish between analogous and homologous structures and explain why analogous features are not considered evidence of common ancestry (3)

A
  • analogous structures are different structures that perform a similar function
  • homologous structures are similar sructures performing different functions
  • analogous structures arise through convergent evolution
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2
Q

What does the ‘tentative nature’ of classification mean (2)

A
  • classification may change
  • as more information becomes available
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3
Q

Name a biological technique to confirm that organims are seperate species (1)

A

DNA hybridisation

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4
Q

Explain how the results of Dna profiling tests have been udes to determine that these two species were most closley related (1)

A
  • they would have more sequences in common
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5
Q

State one characterisitic which is common to all vertebrates (1)

A
  • possess internal skeleton
  • backbone
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6
Q

Explain why sampling should be conucted at random (1)

A

to eliminate sampling bias

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7
Q

Explain what precautions must be observed during collection of terrestrial animal population (2)

A
  • make sure that not of the animals are hurt or make them visible to predators
  • not allowed animals to reintegrate into the population - 24hrs
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8
Q

Describe one assumption that has to be made when using the results when collecting terrestrial animal population (1)

A
  • no births
  • no deaths
  • no immigration or emmigration has occured between collecting samples
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9
Q

State two variable which should bet controlled in a quadrat experiment (2)

A
  • choose fields of similar size
  • quadrats randomly placed to avoid bias
  • similar abiotic factors ed moisture, light
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10
Q

Explain in confidence in the conclusion could be improved when uing quadrats (2)

A
  • increase number of quadrats used
  • repeat experiment with other fields
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11
Q

suggest why do farmers are encouraged to let fields lie fallow for several years (1)

A

species diversity increases when left to lie fallow

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12
Q

Explain why limbs provide evidence for divergen evolution (1)

A

Evidence where structure has evolved from a common ancestor to perform a different function

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13
Q

Using examples explain how natural selection has led to anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations in mammals (9)

A
  • Darwin recognised that species changed
  • Proposing the theory of natural selection to explain why it happened
  • organisms overproduce offspring
  • so that there is a large varaition of genotypes in population
  • changes to environemental conditions bring new selection pressures through competition, predation / diseases
  • only those individuals with beneficial alleles conferring a beneficial phenotype have a selective advantage eg white fur in arctic therefore are more likely to survive
  • thee individuals then reproduce
  • offspring are likely to inherit the beneficial alleles
  • therefore the beneficial allele frequency increases with the gene pool
    Adaptations any good example so long as each type covered with advantages:
  • anatomical - beak shape in finches able to exploit different food
  • Physiological - haemoglobin with higher affinity for oxygen allowing llamas to live at high altitude
  • behaviourals - nocturnal animals avoiding heat of the day
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14
Q

What kingdom does these features contain : heterotrophic eukaryotes , cell wall of chitin, reproduce by spores (1)

A

fungi

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15
Q

What kingdom does these features contain : Heterotrophic , multicellular eukaryotes , no cell wall , nervous coordination (1)

A

Animalia

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16
Q

What kingdom does these features contain : eukaryotes , single celled, no tissue differentiation (1)

A

Protoctista

17
Q

What kingdom does these features contain : Unicellular , microscopic , no membrane bound organelles, cell wall not cellulose , cell wall made of murein (1)

A

Prokaryota

18
Q

What kingdom does these features contain : multicellular eukaryotes , photosynthetic , cellulose cell wall (1)

A

Plantae

19
Q

State what is meant by the term species (1)

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

20
Q

State one characteristic of fungi (1)

A
  • reproduce by spores
  • hyphae
    *Mycelium
    *chitin cell walls
    *heterotrophic
    *saprotrophic
    *eukaryotic
21
Q

State one characteristic of Protoctista (1)

A

*membrane bound organelles
*eukaryotic
*no tissue differentiation
*single celled organisms
*unicellular

22
Q

What are common structures but different functions (1)

A

Homologous

23
Q

What are common functions but different structures (1)

A

analogous

24
Q

Name the evolutionary change illustrate by Darwin’s finches (1)

A

Adaptive radiation

25
Q

Describe the process which results in the evolutionary change shown in Darwin finches (4)

A
  • mutation occurs
  • leads to variation of beak shape
  • becomes adapted to eat particular food
  • have a selective advantage to a particular environment
  • more reproduce and pass on genes
26
Q

Human haemoglobin is a protein molecule containing 574 amino acids. The haemoglobin of a horse has 557 amino acids in common with humans and the haemoglobin of a gorilla has 572 amino acids in common with humans Explain the information indicating about the evolutionary relationship between three animal between three animal species (3)

A
  • humans are more closley related to gorillas
  • more amino acids in common / gorilla has 572 in common with humans while horse has 557 / gorilla has 2 different from humans while horse has 17 different
  • share more common recent ancestor
27
Q

Name the technique used to compare the amino acid composition of haemoglobin in different animals (1)

A
  • chromatography
  • electrophoresis
28
Q

How has this biochemical technique helped improve the classification of organisms (1)

A
  • reduces mistakes made in classification due to convergent evolution
29
Q

State one feature of pygmy chimpanzees that places them into the phylum chordata (1)

A

they possess a backbone / internal skeleton / well developed CNS

30
Q

State one feature of pygmy chimpanzees that places them into the class mammalia (1)

A

fur / mammary glands / sweat glands / endothermic / internal gestation / double circulation

31
Q

Name statistical test which could be used to compare the biodiversity of the two sites (1)

A

Simpson’ index

32
Q

The two sites samples showed significant variation in the distribution of phytoplankton . Suggest improvements to the sampling method in order to further investigate biodiversity along the stretch of the coastline (3)

A
  • sample in more locations along the coastline
  • sample in more than once in a day / more frequently
  • use a larger net / increase the volume of water samples / increase sample size
33
Q

Describe the digestion of the yeast cell including the role of the golgi body (2)

A
  • golgi body produces enzymes packages into lysosomes
  • lysosomes fuse with phagocytotic vesicle and release enzymes
34
Q

Describe the structure of a virus and explain why it is not considered to be a cell (2)

A

*molecule of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat
* acellular as has no membranes organelles / cell membrane / cytoplasm

35
Q

Giant panda and the red panada has a difference of 17 there are 3.95 x 10 ^-7 mutations per year when was the last time they shared a common ancestors

A

17/3.95x10^-7 = 4.3x10^-7 years

36
Q

Distinguish between analogous and homologous structures and why analogous features are not considered evidence of common ancestry (3)

A
  • analogous structures are different structures to perform a similar function
  • homologous structure evolve from a common ancestor similar structure performing different function
    Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution
37
Q

Identify the domain the giant panda would belong Give a reason (2)

A
  • Eukaryota
  • contains membrane bound organelles ? Dna bound in a nuclear envelope * 80 s ribosomes
  • multicellular

Biology mark scheme (9 decks)

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