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Biology mark scheme > Adaptations for nutrition > Flashcards

Adaptations for nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the term parasite and give an example (2)

A
  • parasites live in/ on a host and obtain nourishment whilst harming the host
  • tapeworm / ticks/ / leeches / fleas / headlice / roundworm / malaria parasite
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2
Q

Describe the term autotroph and give an example (2)

A
  • autotroph use simple inorganic molecule to synthesis organic compounds
  • plants / algae / bacteria
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3
Q

Describe the term Saprobionts and give an example (2)

A
  • secrete enzymes onto food outside the body / feed by extracellular digestion and absorb the soluble products
  • bacteria / fungi
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4
Q

Describe two features of epithelium why each important for the cell to function efficiently (4)

A
  • mircovilli
  • increase surface diffusion
  • mitochondria
  • synthesis of ATP for active transport
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5
Q

What is the name for the cell inside the epithelium and its function (2)

A
  • goblet cell
  • secrets mucus
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6
Q

Where does digestion and absorption take place (2)

A
  • digestion - mouth , stomach , small intetine
  • abssorption - large intesine , small intestine
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7
Q

Explain why the human digestive sytem is divided into several regions (1)

A
  • different parts carry out different functions
  • provide different conditions for enzymes
  • different food groups digested in different areas
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8
Q

What is meant by the term parasite (2)

A
  • lives in or on another organism
  • obtains nutrients from host causing harm to the host
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9
Q

Suggest why it is of benefit to the tapeowrm to live in this region of the digetive system (1)

A

high concentration of products of digestion so it can absorb the nutritents

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10
Q

Describe how tapeworms are adapted to overcome persitalsis in the human digestive system (1)

A

hooks / suckers to attach to gut wall

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11
Q

Describe how tapeworms are adapted to overcome digestive enzymes in the human digestive system (1)

A

thick cuticle / secretes mucus / secretes enzyme inhibitors coating the waxy cuticle

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12
Q

Suggest why tapeworms produce a large number of eggs (1)

A

increases chance of species survival / infecting a new host / many eggs will not survive

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13
Q

Which is the most acidic region of the alimentary canal (1)

A

stomach and bile duct

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14
Q

In which two area are proteins , carbonhydrates and lipids digested together (1)

A
  • ileum
  • duodenum
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15
Q

Where does the process fo protein digestion begin (1)

A

stomach

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16
Q

Where is the main site of lipase production (1)

A

pancreas

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17
Q

The secretion of the alimentary canal where most abssorption of digested products occurs (1)

A

duodenum

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18
Q

The secretion of the alimentary canal whose main functions is to absorb water (1)

A

large intestine / colon

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19
Q

Explain how the jaw and teeth of herbivores are adapted for the mode of nutrition they use (3)

A
  • large ridged molar for gringing
  • diastema to assist with chewing and manipulating food into cud
  • sharp incissors for biting / cutting
  • loose articulation / jaws move in a circular plant
  • very small / no canines
  • open roots for continuous growth of molars
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20
Q

Explain how the gut of herbivores are adapted for digestion (2)

A
  • four chambered stomach
  • contains cellulose digesting bacter have cellulase
  • long gut to allow extra tiem for digestion of cellulose
  • cud is regurgitated for further chewing
21
Q

How are tapeworms adapted to obtain its nutrients (3)

A
  • attatches to the gut wall by hooks and suckers
  • large surface area to volume ration
  • digested products in host gut absorbed into tapeworm
  • short diffusion pathway
22
Q

Identify two structures of tapeworm allow them to survive in the gut of a human and explain the structures (3)

A
  • hooks abd scukers
  • attatch the worm to the wall of the gut
  • the worm does not get move along resisting persitalsis
  • prevents it getting egested
23
Q

State why the adult tape worm does not need a digestive system and explain how the hape of the worms body enables it to feed without a mouth or gut (3)

A
  • it lives surrounded by food digested by hot
  • very long gives large surgace area to absorb digested food
  • flat and thin sshort distance for diffusion
24
Q

Explain how the tapeworms reproductive strategy helps to ensure it’s survival (2)

A
  • it lays a large number of eggs
  • eggs can resist adverse conditions
  • both male and female reproductive organs
25
Q

Give an account of the sequence of events that takes place during difestion and absorption of a meal containing carbohydrate and protein (10)

A
  • in buccal cavitty /mouth
  • teeth and tongue mechanically break down food to produce a large surface area
  • saliva added from salivary glands
  • saliva contain mucus to lubricate
  • amylase substrate is starch product is matlose / disaccharides
  • stomach adapted for protein digestion / proteins partially digested in the stomach
  • produces hydrochloric acid in tomach
  • peptidase / pepsis substrate is protein product are polypeptides
  • small intestine is adapted to completes protein / carbohydrate digestion
  • names enzymes produced from small intestine
  • two names enzymes produced by pancreas
  • description of endo - exo peptidases
  • absorption takes place in ileum / small intestine
  • villi / microvilli increase surface area
  • glucose products are absorbed by diffusion and active transport
26
Q

Describe two featuress that are important in functioning of the villus (4)

A
  • mircovilli - increase large surface area increased catalytic surface area for digestion
  • dense capillary network - transport glucose and amino acids maintain a stepp concentration gradient
  • prescence of lactal / lymph vessel - absorb lipids fats / fatty acids
  • thin epithelium - short diffusion pathway
27
Q

Name the substance secreted by goblet cells (2)

A

mucus

28
Q

Explain two functions of the secretion of goblet cell in process of digestion (2)

A
  • reduces friction for the passage of food
  • preventing the effect of enzymes and digestion on gut wall
29
Q

Layers of smooth muscle are found in the wall of the small intestine explain the role of these muscle layers in the process of digestion (3)

A
  • persitalsis
  • circular and longitudinal muscles wave of muscle contraction
  • forces food along mixes food for efficient absorption
30
Q

Amino acids are transpored to liver describe the fate of the excess amino acids absorbed (2)

A
  • deamination / amino group removed
  • amino groups to urea
  • remainder to carbohydrate
31
Q

Describe how carnivores are adapted for eating (3)

A
  • large pointed canines for tearing and killing prey
  • molar / premolars for cutting meat
  • small incisors gripping flesh
  • carnissials teeth for crushing
  • vertical movements of jaws
32
Q

How is parasitic nutrition similar to a carnivores mode of nutrition (1)

A

obtains food from another organism

33
Q

Explain how parasitic nutrition is different to carnvivore mode of nutrition (2)

A
  • parasite do not need a digestive system wehreas B has a digestive system
  • A absorbs food externally and B is internal absorption
34
Q

With reference to the structure of starch and cellulose molecules explain why alpha amylase is unable to digest celluloe even through starch adn cellulose are both polymers of glucose (3)

A
  • referecne to lock and key hypothesis and enzyme substrate complexes
  • complementary shape only to starch
  • starch contains alpha glucose but cellulose contains beta glucose
  • coiling in starch / straight chains in cellulose / cross linking in cellulose/ alternatfe glucose molecules rotated by 180 degress whereas molecules not rotated in starch
35
Q

How can rabbits digest cellulose without their cells being able to produce the necessary enzyme (1)

A

enzyme cellulase veing produced by bacteria

36
Q

State where an ezyme with low Ph would be found (1)

A

stomach

37
Q

State and enzyme with high ph would be found (1)

A

ileum / small intestine

38
Q

Explain why the endopeptidase have to act on a protein before exopeptidase (2)

A
  • endopeptidase hydrolyse peptide bonds in the middle of the polypeptide chain
  • because many peptides increase the number of terminal peptide bonds for exopeptidases to hydrolyse
39
Q

Using examples of a shepp and a tapeworm describe and explain the structural adaptations they possess for theirr particular mode of nutrition (10)

A

Sheep
* it is a herbivore
* has a high diet in cellulose
* the jaw moves in a horizontal plane allowing to grind plant material
* teeth have open unrestricted roots to allow teeth to grow throughout their lives
* it has incisors on the lower jaw which cut grass against horny pad
* they have large ridged molars to grind plant materials
* it has a relativley lond gut as cellulose is relativley hard to digest
* they are ruminants possess a four chamber stomach
* rumen contains mutualistic bacteria which can digest cellulose
* possess a diastema whcih enables to chew of cud and manipulate food with tongue
Pork tapeworm
* is a parasite
* nutriontally dependent on hot
* possess hooks and suckers
* allow is attatch to gut wall preventing it being dislodged during peristalsis
* absorbs small soluble nutrients poduced byhosts digestion across it body surface
* long thin and flattened to provide a large surface area for absorption

40
Q

Explain why the enzyme iss secreted in an inactive form (1)

A

active form would digest cells

41
Q

The optimum pH of trypsin is in the range of 7.8 0 8.7 Explain how this pH is maintained in the duodenum (3)

A
  • alkaline secretion / bile
  • from brunner’s gland / pancreas / liver cells / gall bladder
  • neutralise acid from stomach / increase pH / acts as a buffer
42
Q

Define the term saprotrophic (1)

A

Enzymes are secreted outside the body / extracellular digestion and the products of digestion are absorbed

43
Q

Describe how the tapeworm is adapted to resist peistalsis in human intestine (1)

A

scolex / hooks and suckers attatch to gut wall

44
Q

Explain why the tapeworm does not need a mouth or alimentary canal (2)

A
  • nutrients absorbed through its body surface not need a mouth
  • food is pre digested
45
Q

Suggest why the tapeworm relies on anaerobic respiration for its metabolism (1)

A
  • oxygen levels are too low for aerobic respiration in the intestine
  • has a low metabolic rate and not require aerobic respiration does not move that much
46
Q

Describe how the small intestine enables the tapeworm to survive in the environment within the host (4)

A
  • thick cuticle protects the worm from the effects of enzymes
  • lime secretion neutralises acid
  • mitotriches increase surface area for absorption of digested food
  • glands secrete mucus to protect the worm from digested enzymes
  • musclees allow tapeworm to increase contact with digested food
47
Q

Body walls of tapeworms have been observed to contain transmembrane proteinss involved in active transport mechanisms suggest how these mechanisms aid the survival of the parasite inside th host (2)

A
  • enable worm to absorb ions / amino acids
  • against the concentration gradient
48
Q

Domestic dogs are able to digest starch unlike wolves Explain how wolves and dogs are both adapted to feed mainly on a carnivore diet Describe the process of starch digestion and suggest the advantage to domesticated dogs of being able to digest starch (9)

A
  • wolves and dogs have carnivore dentition
  • sharp incisors and lond pointed canines, carnassial teeth for shearing through bond , ligaments and tendons
  • relativley short gut adapted fro protein digestion
  • salivary amylase hydrolyses starch to maltose
  • optimum pH maintained by mineral salts / buffers in saliva
  • starch digestion resumes in duodenum with pancreatic amylase
  • maltose digested by glucose by maltase in small intestine
  • Domestic dogs fed on human food waste containing large amounts of starch
  • some dogs better digesting starch than others
  • Dogs that oculd digest starch well more olikely to survive and breed can live on human waster
  • wolves cannot digest starch as the wolves cannot produce amylase

Biology mark scheme (9 decks)

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