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Biology mark scheme > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Why would a secretory cell require lots of mitochondria (2)

A
  • secretory cells involved in active processes/ metabolically active
  • require ATP
  • hormone synthesis require ATP
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2
Q

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (2)

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • polypeptide chains build up at ribosomes
  • transports polypeptides/ proteins
  • ribossomes read genetic code
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3
Q

Describe the function of the golgi body (2)

A
  • buds off vesicles packing proteins into vesicles
  • these contain molecules for secretion
  • transport protein molecules to cell surface / membrane
  • synthesis of glycoproteins / modification of proteins
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4
Q

In a cell why does two organelles which are the same differ in appearance (1)

A

cut in a different plane

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5
Q

Name a device containing an enzyme that can be used to detect a specific compount in a fluid (1)

A

biosensor

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6
Q

Name an aggregation of similar cells carrying out the same function (1)

A

tissue

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7
Q

Give on structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (1)

A
  • prokaryotic has no nucleus vs eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
  • eukaryotic membrane bound organelles vs prolaryotic no membrane bound organelles
  • prokaryotics smaller riboomes 70s vs eukaryotic larges ribosomes 80s
  • DNA circular vs DNA in chromosomes or strands
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8
Q

Give one structural difference between chloroplasts and mitochondria (1)

A
  • chloroplasts contain chlorophyll vs mitochondria have no chlorophyll
  • grana vs no grana
  • stroma vs matrix
  • cristae vs no cristae
  • thylakoid vs no thylakoids
  • cristae vs grana
  • infolding of membrane in mitocondira not in chloroplasts
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9
Q

Sime cells produce and secrete digestive enzymes. Describe the part played by each of the organelles involved in the production and secretion of enzymes (10)

A
  • nucleus
  • contains DNA code for amino acid sequence
  • carries out transcription / make RNA copy
  • nucleoulus
  • makes riboomes/ organises transcritption/ make rRNA
  • rough ER translate mRNA put amino acids together / protein synthesis
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • transport protein
  • to golgi body
  • packages protein into vesicle
  • modifies protein or description
  • secretory vesicle
  • vesicle migrates towards plasma membrane
  • vesicle fuses with plasma membrane
  • contents of vesicles empties by exocytosiss
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10
Q

Descrivbe the function og a nuclear pore (1)

A
  • allows mRNa to pass out of the nucleus
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11
Q

Describe the functon of the nucleolus (1)

A
  • synthesis of ribosome
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12
Q

Describe the function of the nuclear envelope

A
  • seperates DNA from the rest of the cellular contents
  • holds DNA
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13
Q

Describe the role of chromatin (1)

A
  • condenses to form chromosomes code for protein synthesis
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14
Q

Describe the difference of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum when viewing through a mircoscope

A
  • Prescence of ribosomes and no ribomes
  • In parallel lines vs other one is less organised
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15
Q

Describe the function of the golgi body (1)

A
  • modification of proteins
  • storage of digestive enzymes
  • synthesis of secretory vesicles / packing proteins
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16
Q

What tissues would contain a lot of mitochondria (1)

A
  • liver
  • muscle
  • nervous tissue
  • meristem
17
Q

What is a smaller organelle, numerous in cells , surrounded by an outer membrane has an inner membrane folded to form cristae (1)

A

mitochondria

18
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria (2)

A
  • aerobic respireation
  • release energy
19
Q

Describe the proces when a cell takes in a food particle (2)

A
  • phagocytoses / endocytosi
  • cell membrane engulfs to form a vesicle around the food particle
20
Q

Name the process when cell ejects something out it

A

exocytosis

21
Q

Suggest why mitochondria are needed while amoebas are feeding (1)

A
  • carry out phagocytosis
  • synthesis of digestice enzymes
  • form lysosomes
22
Q

Describe three ways in which the strucuture of a prokaryotic cell would differ from an amoeba (3)

A
  • no nucleus / nuclear membrane / DNA is free in cytoplasm
  • no membran bound organelles/ posess mesosome
  • a loop of DNA / circular DNA
  • Smaller / 70s ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • capsule / flagelllum / plasmid
23
Q

Describe the role of the nucleus (1)

A
  • contains DNa Which codes for protein synthesis
24
Q

Where a cubodial epithelial cells found (1)

A

kidney tubule

25
Q

Where are ciliated epithelial cells found (1)

A

trachea / oviduct/ fallopian tube / bronchio / bronchioles

26
Q

Describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum , golgi body and lysomes (10)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
* flattened saces / cristernae
* continours with nuclear membrane
* with atttatched ribsomes
* ite of protein synthesis / translation
Golgi body
* golgi consists of a stack of flattened sacs
* function in packaging proteins for secretion
* vesicles containing prodteins from RER fuse with golgi membrane and contents are shed ito golgi saces
* contents are built into more complex molecules such as enzymes
* other golgi functions is carbohydrate secretion / transporting or storing lipids
* vesicle are budded off
* exocytosis of contents
Lysosomes
* contain digestive enzymes
* function is to break down worn out orangelles / diget foreign material / intracellular breakdown
* lyosomes fuse with membrane of diesitve vacuoles
* enclosed by phagocytosis

27
Q

Outline how a vesicle is formed and is used in the secretion of a glycoprotein within an animal cell (3)

A
  • golgi body
  • vesicle buds off and moves towards cell membrane
  • vesicle membrane fuses with cell membrane
28
Q

Describe the features of the vacoules ofund in plants cells and give one function of the vacuole (3)

A
  • permanent / large
  • surrounded by tonoplast
  • storage site / turgor pressure
29
Q

Describe how the appearance of a turgid plant cell viewed under a microscope would change if it was places into a concentrated salt solution (4)

A
  • vacuole volume decreases
  • less cytoplasm
  • cell membrane puller away from cell wall / plasmo;ysed
  • cell wall stays the same shape
30
Q

Describe the roles of the vesicle in the passage of the pollen tubes through the style of a flower (4)

A
  • secretory vesicle releases digestive enzymes vesicle releases enzyme via exocytosis
  • the enzyme digest a path through tissues of the style
  • mitochondria provide ATP
  • Rough ER synthesize the enzymes
  • golgi bodies - formation of vesicle processing and modifying packaging
31
Q

Describe the digestion of the yeast cell including role of the golgi body (2)

A
  • golgi body processes enzymes packages into lysosomes
  • lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicle and releases enzmyes
32
Q

Describe the structure of a virus and why it is not considered to be a cell (2)

A
  • molecule of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
  • acellular does not have membranes no cell membranes
33
Q

Explain why the volume of water released from a cell increases as the water potential of external solution increases (4)

A
  • water moves into cell
  • by osmosis
  • down a water potential gradient lowering water potential outide
  • as water potential of the external solution increases the water potential of gradient becomes steeper
  • rate of osmosis increases
  • conctractile vacoules empty to get rid of excess water from the cell

Biology mark scheme (9 decks)

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