Classical conditioning principles Flashcards
Basic paradigm of CC
- Neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response
- Naturally occurring stimulus paired with a response
- Then previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus
- Eventually previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the particular response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus
- Two elements then known as conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
UCS
stimulus that elicits a particular response WITHOUT training
UCR
response that occurs to a stimulus without prior training
CS
stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially but comes do to so as a result of becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus
CR
response that comes to be made to the conditioned stimulus as a result of classical conditioning
Higher-order conditioning
Procedure in which a previously conditioned stimulus (CS1) is used to condition a new stimulus (CS2)
- CS2 comes to elicit the CR
Two phases of higher-order conditioning
- CS (tone) + UCS (coffee) = salivation
2. CS (light) + CS (tone) = CR salivation
Variables influencing effectiveness of conditioning
- sequence
- interval
- belongingness
- salience
- preexposure
- discrimination
- generalization
Sequencing
forward or backward
Backward conditioning
CS shortly AFTER UCS
Intervals
- short delay
- long delay
- trace
- simultaneous
Short delay interval
CS shortly BEFORE UCS
Long-delay interval
CS BEFORE UCS with longer delay
Trace (interval)
US AFTER CS is terminated for a short period
Simultaneous
UCS and CS = simultaneously presented
Belongingness
extent to which CS is relevant or belongs w UCS
Rats conditioned w sickness learn stronger aversion to
taste
Rats conditioned w shock learn stronger aversion to
audiovisual stimuli
Salience
Stimuli intensity or significance, or noticeability
- learning will occur more rapidly w more salient stimuli
preexposure
- previous experience w the UCS
Subjects familiarized w a US before it’s pairing with CS are slower to develop conditioned responding to the CS
Discrimination = established thru
selective reinforcement
extinction
Experimental neuroses results from
requiring too fine a discrimination
extinction in CC
involves repeated presentations of the CS by itself
extinction in OC
involves no longer presenting the reinforcer as consequence of the instrumental response
Habituation
Decline in responding that occurs w repeated presentation of stimulus
- stimulus specific
Mowrer’s Two-factor theory explains avoidance in terms of…
escape from conditioned fear
- Learning instrumental avoidance occurs bc response terminates CS and reduces conditioned fear
Two factor theory components
- CC of fear to CS
- conditioned fear = source of motivation to learn avoidance - Instrumental reinforcement
- thru fear reduction
