Classical Conditioning (+learning)

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

a permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

-an association is LEARNED between one stimulus and another
-we display respondent behaviour

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

any event/object to which organisims respond to

Question 4

What did Ivan Pavlov discover?

Answer 4

dogs salivate as soon as they hear their food being prepared

Question 5

Who created an experimental environment to investigate “conditioning”?

Answer 5

Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

UR: unconditioned response

Answer 6

-an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
-ex: salivation (when food is being prepared) & sweating (in the sun)

Question 7

US: unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

-a stimulus that without learning brings about a physiological unlearned response
-ex: the sun (makes us sweat)

Question 8

CS: conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

-thing that we must learn to respond to
-ex: Bell (rung when food is prepared, dogs learn to salivate to the bell)

Question 9

CR: conditioned response

Answer 9

-response that we learn to have to the conditioned stimulus
-ex: Salivating to the sound of the bell instead of food

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

-requires the presentation of a CS (like the bell) but not followed by US (like the food)
-response weakens and eventually disappears (no longer usefull)
*the response is INHIBITTED (hidden) but not forever erased because LEARNING IS PERMANENT

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

• a previously conditioned response returns (after a period of time has gone by if CS is presented)
  *response is weaker and shorter than originally

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

-any stimulus that is similar to the CS (a bell with a similar tone) will also elicit a response
-the response will be lesser if the stimulus is further from the original CS ( very different bell)

Question 13

Why is Generalization good?

Answer 13

-we don’t have to learn responses to every single stimuli
-we can avoid fearful stimuli: fearing moving cars = we will fear moving trucks

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

-knowing the difference between original CS and anyother similar stimuli (be afraid of a guard dog but do not fear a guide dog)
-good for survival purposes

Question 15

Conditioned fear (little albert)

Answer 15

-fears are classicaly conditioned
-pairing original fear with new stimulus (CS) can make you learn to fear the new stimulus (CR)
-fear of noise + rat = fear… rat=fear

Question 16

Fear removal (counter conditioning Peter)

Answer 16

-today this is systemic desensitization
-Presenting candy to kid then exposing him to rabbit, giving him candy again and bigger exposure to rabbit, bring rabbit closer and closer always with candy and the kid will evntually stop being afraid

Question 17

4 factors influencing Classical Conditioning

Answer 17

1) # of pairings of the CS with the US : more pairings = stronger conditioning (10 times vs 100 times)
2) Intensity of the US: intense leads to stronger and quicker response (giving a cracker vs a steak to a dog)
3) How reliably CS predicts the US: presentation of stimulus must be reliable and consistent (we are not scared of fire alarms because the sound is often presented without fire) (always give food after ringing bell)
4) Temporal relationship between CS and US : order is important. CS before US. (bell BEFORE food and NOT SIMULTANEOUSLY)

Question 18

CC in emotional responses

Answer 18

-specific songs can make us sad because they have been played at funerals, smelling perfume can make you happy because you are happy around a friend that wears it

Question 19

CC in business

Answer 19

-pairing a pleasant experience with the product sold
-taking a potential client out to dinner to associate the joy of dinner with the Company

Question 20

CC in marketing (ads)

Answer 20

-infleuncers or good times associated with products ( product will be shown before enjoyable stimulus)