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Classic Micro culturing Flashcards

1
Q

Vancomycin, polymixn, and nystatin agar

A

MTM agar used for neisseria

Vanc= inhibits gram pos

Polymxin= inhibits gram neg

Nystatin= inhibits fungi

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2
Q

Potato agar

A

Bordet-Gengou agar

-Selective for Bordetella pertussis

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3
Q

Charcoal agar

A

Regan-Lowe Agar

Selective for Bordetella pertussis

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4
Q

Tellurite agar

A

Selective for Corynebacterium diptheriae

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5
Q

Cholesterol agar

A

Eaton’s agar

Selective for Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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6
Q

NAD and Heme

A

H. influenzae

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7
Q

Giemsa stained microbes

A

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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8
Q

Obligate intracellular organisms (3)

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Coxiella

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9
Q

IgA proteus organisms (3)

A

Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, and Neisseria

SHiN

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10
Q

Diphtheria toxin

A

Inactivates EF-2 thru ADP ribosylation; manifests as pseudomembranes in the back of the throat

-Works similar to exotoxin A from pseud

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11
Q

Exotoxin A

A

Inactivates EF-2 thru ADP-ribosylation; causes host cell death

-Works similar to diphtheria toxin

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12
Q

Shiga Toxin

A

Inactivates the 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

  • Causes GI mucosal damage leading to dysentary; also causes increased cytokine release leading to HUS
  • Similar to SLT from EHEC
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13
Q

Shiga-like Toxin

A

Inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine for rRNA; causes enhanced cytokine release leading to HUS

*Does not invade host cells like Shigella

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14
Q

ETEC toxins

A

Heat-labile: increases cAMP causing increased Cl- secretion in the gut and H20 efflux

Heat-stabile: increases cGMP causing decreased reabsorption of NaCl in the guy

-Both act to produce the classic “Traveler’s Diarrhea”

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15
Q

Edema toxin

A

Mimics the AC enzyme causing increased cAMP

=»Edematous borders of the black eschar in Bacillus anthracis

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16
Q

Cholera toxin

A

Overactivates AC causing increased cAMP =» increased Cl- secretion into the gut

  • Produces “rice-water” diarrhea in V. cholerae infxns
  • Sorta similar to Bacillus anthracis toxin
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17
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

Overactivates AC by disabling GI thru ADP ribosylation; impairs phagocytosis

=>Whooping cough in Bordetella pertussis

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18
Q

Tetanospasmin

A

Protease that cleaves SNARE protein preventing release of inhibitory GABA from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord

=»Risus sardonicus, opisthotonos, lockjaw

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19
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Cleaves SNARE proteins preventing the release off stimulatory Ach molecules at NMJs

=»Flaccid paralysis

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20
Q

Alpha toxin

A

Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes in Clostridium perfringens infxns

=»Gas gangrene and double zone of B-hemolysis on blood agar

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21
Q

Streptolysin O

A

Degrades cell membranes causing RBC lysis; host ASO used to diagnose RF

-Works sorta similar to alpha toxin in C. perfringens infxn

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22
Q

TSST-1

A

Superantigen that binds to MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, TNF-a, IFN-y

=» Shock

-Assoc. w/ tampon use

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23
Q

Exotoxin A

A

Binds to MHC-II and TCR outside of the antigen binding site to cause release of IL-1, IL-2, TNF-a, and IFN-y (superantigen)

-Assoc. w/ S. pyogenes infxn

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24
Q

Endotoxins

A

Assoc. w/ the outer membranes of GNRs; initial binding is to CD-14

  • Activate macros which release IL-1 (fever), TNF-a, and NO (hypotension)
  • Activates complement (chemotaxis and edema)
  • Activates tissue factor (DIC)
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25
Protein A
Staph VF that binds Fc-IgG inhibiting complement activation and phagocytosis
26
Cord factor
TB VF that inhibits macrophage maturation (main source of immunity against it) and induces release of TNF-a
27
K capsule
E. coli VF that causes pneumonia and neonatal meningitis
28
Animal urine could have...
Leptospira; classically assoc. w/ surfers in Hawaii and Weil syndrome
29
Ambylomma tick
Transmits Erlichia chafeensis; produces monocytes w/ morulae (big, berry-like inclusions) in the cytoplasm -Rash
30
Aerosols of cattle/sheep amniotic fluid could possible have
Coxiella burnetti -Possible cause of culture negative endocarditis or pneumonia
31
Dermacentor tick
Vector for Francisella tularensis and Rickettsia ricketsii
32
Migrant worker who suddenly develops seizures and abnormal neurological signs
Cysticercosis -Taenia solium
33
Myalgias and periorbital edema
Possibly Trichinella spiralis
34
HIV infxns at
Toxoplasma gondii =>> Ring-enhancing neurologic lesions HIV Dementia JC Virus reactivation =>> PML (nonenhancing regions of demyelination on MRI) PCP =>> Ground glass opacities on CXR
35
Prions
Normal a-helical protein is converted to a B-pleated form (PrPsc) =>>Spongiform encephalopathy (dementia, ataxia, death)
36
TORCHeS
Toxoplasma: Triad= Chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus Rubella: Triad= PDA, Cataracts, Deafness; also blueberry muffin rash representing EMH CMV: Hearing loss, seizures, periventricular calcifications, petechiae HIV: Recurrent infxns, oral thrush in newborn, chronic diarrhea Herpes: Encephalitis, vesicular rash Syphilis: Notched teeth, saddle nose, saber shins, CN VIII deafness
37
"Slapped cheek" rash
Erythema infectiosum; parvovirus B19 infxn
38
CAMP test
Tests for enhancement of the area of B-hemolysis formed by S. Aureus -Tesrs for S. Agalactiae
39
Quellung reaction
Test that used antibodies to bind to encapsulated causing them to appear more opaque underneath the microscope
40
Site of fertilization
Ampulla of the uterine tube
41
Ethmoidal sinus
Found medial to the medial orbital wall -Infxns can erode the wall and ➡️ orbital cellulitis -Orbital cavity infxns can erode the wall and infect the sinus Would also damage the superior oblique, medial Rectus, and nasociliary nerve
42
Sphenoid sinus
Infxn can spread to here thru the nasal Cavity or the posterior pharynx -Erosion of the walls can damage the pituitary or the optic chiasm/nerves
43
Growth factors (including insulin) signaling pathway
Intrinsic tyrosine kinase
44
Aciophils and cytokine receptor stimulator pathway
Receptor-associated tyrosine kinase Ex. = JAK/STAT pathway from EPO
45
Wolff-Chaikoff effect
Idea that increased iodine intake will temporarily inhibit TPO =>>Decreased T3/T4
46
C. diff inactivation
Expose to saturated steam (121 C) for 15 minutes -Autoclaving can fail to kill all the spores
47
Pouch of Douglas
Rectouterine pouch; fluid collects here in betches
48
Widespread ST elevation, distant heart sounds, sharp pain relieved by sitting forward
Acute pericarditis -Causes include coxsackie, uremia, SLE, Dressler syndrome, radiation therapy
49
Decreased CD18 on WBCS
LAH deficiency AR defect in Integrins of WBCs
50
Increased Candida infxn rate with normal NBT
Possible MPO DEFICIENCY
51
X-linked agammaglobulinemia infxns
Bacterial, Enterovirus, and Giardia -Occurs with any Ig deficiency including combined variable immunodeficiency
52
Immunodeficiency assoc. With Celiac disease
IgA deficiency
53
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
AIRE mutations on medullary epithelial cells that normally present self-antigen to developing T-cells Clinical: Hypoparathyroidism Chronic adrenal failure Chronic candida infxn -Mixture of endocrinopathy and decreased T-cell fnxn
54
IPEX Syndrome
Immune dysregulation Polyendocrinopathy (thyroiditis, DM I) Enteropathy (diarrhea) X-linked -Occurs due to FOXP3 mutations in Th17 cells
55
Sjogren's Criteria
1. Dry eyes 2. ANA (+); SS-A (+) 3. Lymphocytic sialadenitis on biopsy - Also at increased risk for marginal zone B-cell lymphoma presenting as unilateral enlargement of the parotid gland
56
Enzyme that removes Type III collagen in wound repair
Collagenase; requires Zn2+ -Replaced by Type I collagen
57
Cerebral Vasogenic Edema
Presents as a midline shift with dilated lateral ventricles -Arises from disruption of the BBB or tumors that obstruct the CSF
58
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Avoiding food intake due to the dislike of the sensory experience involved in tasting or eating food along with the consequences of it
59
Noise-induced hearing loss
Trauma to the stereociliated hair cells of the organ of Corti - High frequency hearing is lost at first; loss is gradual and directly related to duration of exposure to loud noise - Stapedius (VII) and tensor tympani (V2) work to lessen this damage
60
Pygmalion Effect
Researcher's beliefs in efficacy of the treatment potentially affects the outcome -Teachers given fake IQ scores for students favored the smarter ones
61
Myoclonic Seizure and Treatment
Involves no loss of consciousness and presents as brief, generalized jerking movements Tx: Valproic Acid Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Topiramate - Which ones make it worse? * Also used to tx. generalized tonic-clonic seizures
62
Treatment for focal seizures
Carbamazepine, Gabapentin, Phenytoin, Barbs -Includes simple focal (no loss of consciousness and presents w/ anatomically isolated signs) and complex (loss of consciousness with automatisms)
63
Galactosyl B-1 4-️Glucose
Lactose
64
Ovarian epithelium
Simple cuboidal
65
Subacute cerebellar degeneration
AI Paraneoplastic syndrome assoc. With small cell lung cancer and Breast cancer -Anti-yo antibodies cross react with cerebellum
66
Intermittent claudication
Result of atherosclerosis of the large arteries -lesions are fixed and stenotic preventing increased blood flow necessary during exercise
67
Reid index
Ratio of mucous gland hyperplasia/thickness of respiratory wall - Correlates to the severity of bronchitis - Normally ~.4
68
glomerular basement membrane splitting
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Alport syndrome
69
Uniform, diffuse thickening of the glomerular wall
Membranous glomerulopathy

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