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USMLE Rapid Reviews > Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

scleroderma (CREST)

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2
Q

Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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3
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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4
Q

Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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5
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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6
Q

antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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7
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

vasculitis
c-ANCA: Wegener’s
p-ANAC: microscopic polyangiitis, churg-strauss syndrome

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8
Q

Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs: anti-smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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9
Q

Anti-platelet antibodies

A

Idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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10
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac Disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)

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11
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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12
Q

“apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray

A

colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

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13
Q

Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts

A

Aure rods

Acute Myelogenous leukemia (especially promyelocytic (M3)

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14
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
Resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)

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15
Q

Bamboo spine on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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16
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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17
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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18
Q

Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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19
Q

“boot-shaped” heart on x-ray

A

tetralogy of ballot, RVH

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20
Q

Branching gram positivie rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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21
Q

“Brown” tumor of bone

A

Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts due to:

  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Osteitis Fibrosa cystica
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22
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chaga’s Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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23
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly progressive cresentic glomerulonephritis

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24
Q

“Chocolate cyst” ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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25
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

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26
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomoas in lung

A

Cystic fibrosis (AR mutation of CFTR resulting in fat-souble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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27
Q

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abdnormality

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28
Q

depigmentation of neurons in substantita nigra

A

parkinson’s disease

basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremors, and bradykinesia

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29
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann’s Spirlas

bronchial astma; can result in whorled mucous plug

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30
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

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31
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

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32
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“owl eye” appearance of CMV

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33
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

“orphan annie” eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

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34
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)

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35
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (parkinson’s disease)

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36
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

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37
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplam of hippocampal nerve cells

A

Rabies Virus (lyssavirus)

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38
Q

Extracellular amyloid depositon in gray matter of brain

A

senile plaques (alzheimer’s disease)

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39
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions

A

Reed-sternberg cells (Hodgkin’s lymphoma)

40
Q

Glomerulus like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

41
Q

“hair on end” (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray

A

Beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia

42
Q

hCG elevated

A

Choriocarinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)

43
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

44
Q

heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

45
Q

Heaxagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (charcot-leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

46
Q

High level of D-dimers

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

47
Q

Hilar Lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon comples (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)

48
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray

A

Interstitial fibrosis

49
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia
B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms
folate deficiency: NO neurologic symptoms

50
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia

51
Q

Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

dating error (MC), anencephaly, spina bifid a (neural tube defects)

52
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

53
Q

Intranuclear eosinophil droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

54
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)

55
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

56
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

57
Q

Linear appearance of glomeruli on immunofluoresence

A

goodpature’s

58
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

59
Q

“lumpy-bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

poststreptococcal glomerulonephrtitis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)

60
Q

Lytic (hole-punch) bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

61
Q

Mammary gland (“blue-domed”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the the breast

62
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike

A
  1. Multiple myeloma (called teh M protein; usually IgG or IgA)
  2. Monoclonal gammaopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)
  3. Waldenstrom’s (M protein = IgM) macroglbulinemia
  4. Primary amyloidosis
63
Q

Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine

A

Bence jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia (IgM)

64
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

65
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph

A

“string sign” (Crohn’s disease)

66
Q

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

67
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

68
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: staphylococcus epidermidis
Resistant: staphylococcus saprophyticus

69
Q

“nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

70
Q

“onion-skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing’s sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

71
Q

Optochin response

A

Sensitive: streptococcus pneumonia
resistant: steptococcus viridans

72
Q

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

73
Q

Podocyte fusion on EM

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

74
Q

Polished, “ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

75
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

Neurfibrillary tangles (Alzheimers disease and CJD)

76
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiform

77
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

78
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reink crystals (Leydic cell tumor)

79
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

80
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

81
Q

Rib notching

A

coarctation of the aorat

82
Q

Ring enhancing brain lesion in AIDs

A

Tosxoplasma gondii

83
Q

Sheets of medium sized lymphoid cells (“starry sky”)

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, asociated with EBV

84
Q

Silvery-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick’s disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

85
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

86
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome like” subendothelial deposits

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

87
Q

Stacks of red blood cells

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

88
Q

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” Gardnerella vaginalis)

89
Q

“tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in langerhan cells

A

Bierbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

90
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

91
Q

“thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (Haemopilus influenzae)

92
Q

Thyorid-like appearance of kidney

A

chronic bilateral pyelonephritis

93
Q

“Tram-track” appearance on EM

A

membranoproloiferative glomerulonephritis

94
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in lever cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic disease)

95
Q

WBCs that look smuged

A

CLL (almost always B cell; affects the elderly)

96
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular appearnce on LM

A

Lupus neropathy

97
Q

yellow CSF

A

Xanthochomia (previous subarachnoid hemorrhage)

USMLE Rapid Reviews (6 decks)

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