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CP602- Test 2 > Class videos > Flashcards

Class videos Flashcards

1
Q

How many people die from diabetes?

A

> one person every 6 seconds

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2
Q

How many people have diabetes in the world? How many are diagnosed?

A

> 1 in 11 adults
1 in 2 are not diagnosed.

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3
Q

What is diabetes

A

> condition when levels of blood glucose are too high because the body cannot use it properly
pancreas doesn’t produce any insulin or not enough
insulin helps glucose leave the body and enter our cells

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4
Q

What is insulin?

A

> insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter our cells which then allows the cells to create energy so we can undergo our bodily processes like growth and repair

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4
Q

How does our body process carbs and how does it produce glucose?

A

> body digests carbs breaking it down into glucose, the liver also produces glucose.

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5
Q

If you have diabetes, can you benefit from glucose?

A

> cannot make proper use of glucose- so it builds up.

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6
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

> T1: no insulin produced
T2: some insulin produced (not enough or not working properly)

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7
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

> an autoimmune response where the body destroys its own insulin making cells
no cure (currently) - just daily treatment via injection or pumps.
nothing to do with diet or lifestyle

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8
Q

What are symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

> thirst
going to the washroom often
tiredness
weight loss (body can take up glucose so it takes up fat instead hence weight loss)
symptoms can occur suddenly

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9
Q

When is T1 diabetes diagnosed?

A

> before age 40
accounts for most cases of childhood diabetes

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10
Q

When is T2 diabetes diagnosed?

A

> over the age of 40
becoming more common in children and younger people
accounts for 85-90% of people

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11
Q

How is type 2 treated?

A

> with healthy diet + exercise
medication or insulin can be used

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A

> mild and harder to detect (unlike t1)

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13
Q

What are the key risk factors for diabetes?

A

> family history of diabetes
unhealthy diet
being overweight
not doing physical activity
age
high blood pressure
ethnicity south asians have higher risk

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14
Q

What is the prevention of type 2?

A

> lifestyle changes = 30min of exercise a day can reduce risk by 40%

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15
Q

What was type 2 diabetes typically called?

A

> called adult onset because it typically developed in people past age 30
now accounts for 33% of cases in younger people / children

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16
Q

How can we easily differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

> t1 = insulin dependent
t2 = non-insulin dependent

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17
Q

What is a third type of diabetes?

A

> gestational diabetes
develops in some women during pregnancy
ends when pregnancy is completes; but, the disorder complicates pregnancy and presents a risk for developing type 2 in the future

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18
Q

What is the physiology of diabetes?

A

> pancreas produces different types of recreations

> islet cells of the pancreas produce several hormones, two of which, glucagon and insulin are critically important in metabolism.

> glucagon stimulates the release of glucose and therefore acts to elevate blood sugar

> the action of insulin is the opposite to glucagon- insulin decreases glucose by causing tissue cell membranes to open so glucose can enter the cells more freely

> disorders of the islet cells result in difficulties with sugar metabolism (this is what diabetes is - caused by insulin deficiency)

> if the islet cells do not produce adequate insulin sugar cannot move from the blood to the cells for use (prevents the body from regulating blood sugar levels)

> thus, excessive sugar accumulates in the blood and appears in high levels in the urine/

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19
Q

What is the emergency treatment for hypoglycemia?

A

> ALWAYS give a fast acting carb

  • i.e., 3-4 (15g) glucose tablets or 15ml (1 tbsp) sugar dissolved in 1/2 cup of water or 175 ml (3/4 cup)
  • or juice / regular pop or ( 1 tbsp) of honey

> do not give food or drink if the person is unconscious, having seizure, unable to swallow

> give glucagon if delegated

> HYPOGLYCEMIA is life threating if untreated.

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19
Q

What are symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A

> shaking
sweating
anxious
dizziness
hunger
fast heart beat
impaired vision
weakness / fatigue
headache
irritable

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20
Q

What is the impact of diabetes

A

> lifestyle changes
- oral meds / injections
being overweight is a risk *for all groups
gaining weight / losing weight is a risk for type 2
have to deal with dietary restrictions
affects sexual functioning in both sexes
diabetic women may have issues with pregnancy
circulatory or CVD issues
can become aggressive * outward + refuse to comply with treatment or can be inward + become depressed
become dependant and rely on others for care (not taking an active part in their own care)

21
Q

Adjustments for diabetes

A

> both types = require lifestyle changes that include monitoring and adherence to a treatment plan

> health psychologists are involved in helping diabetics learn self care to control dangerous effects

22
Q

What are treatments for type 1?

A

> insulin injections
adherence to careful dietary restrictions
scheduled meals
avoidance of certain foods
regular medical visits
routine exercise

23
Q

What is the health psychologists involvement with diabetes?

A

> research + treat

24
Q

What does the research of health psychologists focus on?

A

> research focuses on effect of stress on glucose metabolism,

> how those conceptualize their illness,

> dynamics of families with diabetic children

>

  • factors that include patient compliance of treatment plans

> researches how a diabetic patient’s understanding of their illness + how that understanding affects their behaviour

25
Q

Stress may play two rules in diabetes:

A

1) as a possible cause of diabetes

2) as a factor in the regulation of blood sugar and diabetes

26
Q

Can negative emotions affect diabetes?

A

> can adversely affect diabetes, and interventions to manage stress and depression can be a worthwhile and cost-effective component for diabetes management programs

27
Q

What factor is important for metabolic control?

A

> social support, as for social support is the psychosocial factor most strongly tied to pour diabetes management

28
Q

What do health psychologists do with diabetic patients?

A

> work on illness perceptions of the patients as inaccurate beliefs can have a significant impact on self-care,

> work for adherence to treatment (as only a few people fully adhere),

> study adjustment disorder and compliance with the necessary lifestyle changes,

29
Q

Is skills training program successful in helping diabetics manage their disorder?

A

> skills training program show some success in helping diabetics managing their disorder, but healthcare professionals need to find ways to encourage the development of responsibility and self management in order to put diabetics in charge of their own health.

30
Q

PSYCHING OUT DIABETES: what is peculiar about type 1 diabetes?

A

> terrifc management tools for type 1 diabetes
BUT so many people don’t achieve metabolic success
Only 20% of type 1 diabetes have A1C
Mean AIC = 8.6%

31
Q

What is one major contributor to the problem with type 1 diabetes

A

> many people are not fully engaged in their own care
Good care is tough

32
Q

What is the experience of T1 diabetes?

A

> trying to find a place of balance in an impossible situation
blood sugar control with the least amount of lows possible.

33
Q

What is the job of Type 1 Diabetes? Not a compelte list

A

> check blood glucose,
take insulin appropriately,
see your doctor regularly,
have all blood test done as recommended,
eat more fruits and vegetables,
limit sweets and saturated fats,
keep a close eye on carbohydrate intake,
be more physically active,
have an eye exam regularly,
quit smoking or don’t start
NOT A COMPLETE LIST!

34
Q

What does the jobs of diabetes lead to?

A

> fatigue
diabetes burnout
boxed in by the disease
social isolation disease

35
Q

What is notable about the behavioural diabetes institute mentioned in “psyching out diabetes” - what is it and what does it tackle?

A

> what is the worlds first nonprofit dedicated to tackling the unmet psychological needs of people living with diabetes,

> it focuses on depression, eating disorders, diabetes burnout, fear of hypoglycemia, struggling to fit diabetes into their lives.

36
Q

Because the progress of the behavioural diabetes institute was quite limited, what was the new approach they implemented?

A

> Instead of focusing on those doing poorly, focus on those doing well and learn from them!

37
Q

The new approach “T1 Diabetes Successes” covers what?

A

> a1c in a safe range,
minimal problems with hypoglycaemia or wildly erradic blood glucoses,
engaged but not overwhelmed

38
Q

What are the secretes to success for T1 diabetes?

A

> Biological differences - lucked out.
Personality differences - conscientiousness (problem-focused coping)
Psychological discoveries “the something clicked phenomenon” - finding a balance within this disaese

39
Q

When something clicks - what are the three ingredients for success?

A

1) Evidence based hope - with good care you can do well - not scaring them but showing them people who are actually doing well! i.e. the Joslin 50-year metal winners (more of them each year) percentage of bad complications are usually less than 5%

2) “Checkered thinking” - black and white thinking - all or nothing. Perfect or ignoring. It is impossible to be with T1 diabetes and there is not a need to be perfect! Using black and white thinking is exhausting and usually causes burnout. - we want to focus on problem focused coping !!

3) Don’t do diabetes alone! Easier to manage with others and not alone! but- you don’t want too much support (it can be negative)!

40
Q

What occured in China in 2019?

A

> increased pneumonia cases in Wuhan China in the seafood and live animal markets
disease was caused by a new corona virus, SARS CoV 2- named COVID 19
spread within China and the rest of the world.

41
Q

What occurred on January 30th?

A

> WHO declared COVID 19 a public health emergency of international concern.

42
Q

What is currently known about COVID-19? (What is a coronavirus)

A

> it is a large group of viruses containing a core genetic material enveloped with protein spikes
looks like a crown = cornona

> different types that cause illness in animals and humans

> in humans - it can go from the common cold, severe disease (SARS-COV China, MERS COV2- Saudia Arabia SARS-COV2 China (COVID 19)

43
Q

Do corona viruses circulate in animals?

A

> yes
can spillover into humans due to mutations or increased contact

> mers -cov = camels
sars-cov = civet cats

44
Q

How do corona viruses spread?

A

> spread through droplets when an infected person releases them through coughing, talking or sneezing near a person or when it lands on objects (touches them then their eyes and mouth)

45
Q

What are the symptoms of COVID-19?

A

> incubation period - from exposure to symptoms 5-6 days but can range 1-14 days
mild to severe or asymptomatic
COMMON SYMPTOMS: fever, fatigue, respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat, shortness of breath), loss of sense of smell/taste, rash
severe: pneumonia, organ failure, death
80% of cases recover w/o intervertion

46
Q

Who has higher risk of COVID?

A

> older people
those w underlying medical problems
chronic respiratory disease, obesity, diabetes, elevated blood pressure, heart disease, cancer.

47
Q

How is COVID tested for?

A

> test called reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) through it’s genetic finger print
there is also a blood test to show past infection

48
Q

Treatment for COVID:

A

> supportive care
medicines against the virus

49
Q

Prevent transmission looks like:

A

> covering your mouth or nose
washing hands / hand sanitizing
avoiding close contact (Social distancing)
masks and ppe (health settings)
stay home if you feel unwell
seek medical health early
share travel history
contact those you have been in contact with or those at risk
social distance measures
vaccinations

50
Q

What is some of the impact of covid 19

A

> mental health crisis
global state of uncertainty

51
Q

What distingues a pandemic from other forms of disasters?

A

> different phases of mental health distress during a pandemic @ certain points
increased level of social isolation, physical distances, travel restrictions
levels of stress exceed what we normally see…
emergence of anxiety and depression early on in the stages
persistance of symptoms after the pandemic
residual effects that require support.

52
Q
A

CP602- Test 2 (7 decks)

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