Class videos

Question 1

How many people die from diabetes?

Answer 1

> one person every 6 seconds

Question 2

How many people have diabetes in the world? How many are diagnosed?

Answer 2

> 1 in 11 adults
1 in 2 are not diagnosed.

Question 3

What is diabetes

Answer 3

> condition when levels of blood glucose are too high because the body cannot use it properly
pancreas doesn’t produce any insulin or not enough
insulin helps glucose leave the body and enter our cells

Question 4

What is insulin?

Answer 4

> insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter our cells which then allows the cells to create energy so we can undergo our bodily processes like growth and repair

Question 4

How does our body process carbs and how does it produce glucose?

Answer 4

> body digests carbs breaking it down into glucose, the liver also produces glucose.

Question 5

If you have diabetes, can you benefit from glucose?

Answer 5

> cannot make proper use of glucose- so it builds up.

Question 6

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 6

> T1: no insulin produced
T2: some insulin produced (not enough or not working properly)

Question 7

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 7

> an autoimmune response where the body destroys its own insulin making cells
no cure (currently) - just daily treatment via injection or pumps.
nothing to do with diet or lifestyle

Question 8

What are symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 8

> thirst
going to the washroom often
tiredness
weight loss (body can take up glucose so it takes up fat instead hence weight loss)
symptoms can occur suddenly

Question 9

When is T1 diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 9

> before age 40
accounts for most cases of childhood diabetes

Question 10

When is T2 diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 10

> over the age of 40
becoming more common in children and younger people
accounts for 85-90% of people

Question 11

How is type 2 treated?

Answer 11

> with healthy diet + exercise
medication or insulin can be used

Question 12

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 12

> mild and harder to detect (unlike t1)

Question 13

What are the key risk factors for diabetes?

Answer 13

> family history of diabetes
unhealthy diet
being overweight
not doing physical activity
age
high blood pressure
ethnicity south asians have higher risk

Question 14

What is the prevention of type 2?

Answer 14

> lifestyle changes = 30min of exercise a day can reduce risk by 40%

Question 15

What was type 2 diabetes typically called?

Answer 15

> called adult onset because it typically developed in people past age 30
now accounts for 33% of cases in younger people / children

Question 16

How can we easily differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 16

> t1 = insulin dependent
t2 = non-insulin dependent

Question 17

What is a third type of diabetes?

Answer 17

> gestational diabetes
develops in some women during pregnancy
ends when pregnancy is completes; but, the disorder complicates pregnancy and presents a risk for developing type 2 in the future

Question 18

What is the physiology of diabetes?

Answer 18

> pancreas produces different types of recreations

> islet cells of the pancreas produce several hormones, two of which, glucagon and insulin are critically important in metabolism.

> glucagon stimulates the release of glucose and therefore acts to elevate blood sugar

> the action of insulin is the opposite to glucagon- insulin decreases glucose by causing tissue cell membranes to open so glucose can enter the cells more freely

> disorders of the islet cells result in difficulties with sugar metabolism (this is what diabetes is - caused by insulin deficiency)

> if the islet cells do not produce adequate insulin sugar cannot move from the blood to the cells for use (prevents the body from regulating blood sugar levels)

> thus, excessive sugar accumulates in the blood and appears in high levels in the urine/

Question 19

What is the emergency treatment for hypoglycemia?

Answer 19

> ALWAYS give a fast acting carb

• i.e., 3-4 (15g) glucose tablets or 15ml (1 tbsp) sugar dissolved in 1/2 cup of water or 175 ml (3/4 cup)
• or juice / regular pop or ( 1 tbsp) of honey

> do not give food or drink if the person is unconscious, having seizure, unable to swallow

> give glucagon if delegated

> HYPOGLYCEMIA is life threating if untreated.

Question 19

What are symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 19

> shaking
sweating
anxious
dizziness
hunger
fast heart beat
impaired vision
weakness / fatigue
headache
irritable

Question 20

What is the impact of diabetes

Answer 20

> lifestyle changes
- oral meds / injections
being overweight is a risk *for all groups
gaining weight / losing weight is a risk for type 2
have to deal with dietary restrictions
affects sexual functioning in both sexes
diabetic women may have issues with pregnancy
circulatory or CVD issues
can become aggressive * outward + refuse to comply with treatment or can be inward + become depressed
become dependant and rely on others for care (not taking an active part in their own care)

Question 21

Adjustments for diabetes

Answer 21

> both types = require lifestyle changes that include monitoring and adherence to a treatment plan

> health psychologists are involved in helping diabetics learn self care to control dangerous effects

Question 22

What are treatments for type 1?

Answer 22

> insulin injections
adherence to careful dietary restrictions
scheduled meals
avoidance of certain foods
regular medical visits
routine exercise

Question 23

What is the health psychologists involvement with diabetes?

Answer 23

> research + treat

Question 24

What does the research of health psychologists focus on?

Answer 24

> research focuses on effect of stress on glucose metabolism, > how those conceptualize their illness, > dynamics of families with diabetic children > + factors that include patient compliance of treatment plans > researches how a diabetic patient's understanding of their illness + how that understanding affects their behaviour

Question 25

Stress may play two rules in diabetes:

Answer 25

1) as a possible cause of diabetes 2) as a factor in the regulation of blood sugar and diabetes

Question 26

Can negative emotions affect diabetes?

Answer 26

> can adversely affect diabetes, and interventions to manage stress and depression can be a worthwhile and cost-effective component for diabetes management programs

Question 27

What factor is important for metabolic control?

Answer 27

> social support, as for social support is the psychosocial factor most strongly tied to pour diabetes management

Question 28

What do health psychologists do with diabetic patients?

Answer 28

> work on illness perceptions of the patients as inaccurate beliefs can have a significant impact on self-care, > work for adherence to treatment (as only a few people fully adhere), > study adjustment disorder and compliance with the necessary lifestyle changes,

Question 29

Is skills training program successful in helping diabetics manage their disorder?

Answer 29

> skills training program show some success in helping diabetics managing their disorder, but healthcare professionals need to find ways to encourage the development of responsibility and self management in order to put diabetics in charge of their own health.

Question 30

PSYCHING OUT DIABETES: what is peculiar about type 1 diabetes?

Answer 30

> terrifc management tools for type 1 diabetes > BUT so many people don't achieve metabolic success > Only 20% of type 1 diabetes have A1C > Mean AIC = 8.6%

Question 31

What is one major contributor to the problem with type 1 diabetes

Answer 31

> many people are not fully engaged in their own care > Good care is tough >

Question 32

What is the experience of T1 diabetes?

Answer 32

> trying to find a place of balance in an impossible situation > blood sugar control with the least amount of lows possible.

Question 33

What is the job of Type 1 Diabetes? Not a compelte list

Answer 33

> check blood glucose, > take insulin appropriately, > see your doctor regularly, > have all blood test done as recommended, > eat more fruits and vegetables, > limit sweets and saturated fats, > keep a close eye on carbohydrate intake, > be more physically active, > have an eye exam regularly, > quit smoking or don't start NOT A COMPLETE LIST!

Question 34

What does the jobs of diabetes lead to?

Answer 34

> fatigue > diabetes burnout > boxed in by the disease > social isolation disease

Question 35

What is notable about the behavioural diabetes institute mentioned in "psyching out diabetes" - what is it and what does it tackle?

Answer 35

> what is the worlds first nonprofit dedicated to tackling the unmet psychological needs of people living with diabetes, > it focuses on depression, eating disorders, diabetes burnout, fear of hypoglycemia, struggling to fit diabetes into their lives.

Question 36

Because the progress of the behavioural diabetes institute was quite limited, what was the new approach they implemented?

Answer 36

> Instead of focusing on those doing poorly, focus on those doing well and learn from them!

Question 37

The new approach "T1 Diabetes Successes" covers what?

Answer 37

> a1c in a safe range, > minimal problems with hypoglycaemia or wildly erradic blood glucoses, > engaged but not overwhelmed

Question 38

What are the secretes to success for T1 diabetes?

Answer 38

> Biological differences - lucked out. > Personality differences - conscientiousness (problem-focused coping) > Psychological discoveries "the something clicked phenomenon" - finding a balance within this disaese

Question 39

When something clicks - what are the three ingredients for success?

Answer 39

1) Evidence based hope - with good care you can do well - not scaring them but showing them people who are actually doing well! i.e. the Joslin 50-year metal winners (more of them each year) percentage of bad complications are usually less than 5% 2) "Checkered thinking" - black and white thinking - all or nothing. Perfect or ignoring. It is impossible to be with T1 diabetes and there is not a need to be perfect! Using black and white thinking is exhausting and usually causes burnout. - we want to focus on problem focused coping !! 3) Don't do diabetes alone! Easier to manage with others and not alone! but- you don't want too much support (it can be negative)!

Question 40

What occured in China in 2019?

Answer 40

> increased pneumonia cases in Wuhan China in the seafood and live animal markets > disease was caused by a new corona virus, SARS CoV 2- named COVID 19 > spread within China and the rest of the world.

Question 41

What occurred on January 30th?

Answer 41

> WHO declared COVID 19 a public health emergency of international concern.

Question 42

What is currently known about COVID-19? (What is a coronavirus)

Answer 42

> it is a large group of viruses containing a core genetic material enveloped with protein spikes > looks like a crown = cornona > different types that cause illness in animals and humans > in humans - it can go from the common cold, severe disease (SARS-COV China, MERS COV2- Saudia Arabia SARS-COV2 China (COVID 19)

Question 43

Do corona viruses circulate in animals?

Answer 43

> yes > can spillover into humans due to mutations or increased contact > mers -cov = camels > sars-cov = civet cats

Question 44

How do corona viruses spread?

Answer 44

> spread through droplets when an infected person releases them through coughing, talking or sneezing near a person or when it lands on objects (touches them then their eyes and mouth)

Question 45

What are the symptoms of COVID-19?

Answer 45

> incubation period - from exposure to symptoms 5-6 days but can range 1-14 days > mild to severe or asymptomatic > COMMON SYMPTOMS: fever, fatigue, respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat, shortness of breath), loss of sense of smell/taste, rash > severe: pneumonia, organ failure, death > 80% of cases recover w/o intervertion

Question 46

Who has higher risk of COVID?

Answer 46

> older people > those w underlying medical problems > chronic respiratory disease, obesity, diabetes, elevated blood pressure, heart disease, cancer.

Question 47

How is COVID tested for?

Answer 47

> test called reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) through it's genetic finger print > there is also a blood test to show past infection

Question 48

Treatment for COVID:

Answer 48

> supportive care > medicines against the virus

Question 49

Prevent transmission looks like:

Answer 49

> covering your mouth or nose > washing hands / hand sanitizing > avoiding close contact (Social distancing) > masks and ppe (health settings) > stay home if you feel unwell > seek medical health early > share travel history > contact those you have been in contact with or those at risk > social distance measures > vaccinations

Question 50

What is some of the impact of covid 19

Answer 50

> mental health crisis > global state of uncertainty

Question 51

What distingues a pandemic from other forms of disasters?

Answer 51

> different phases of mental health distress during a pandemic @ certain points > increased level of social isolation, physical distances, travel restrictions > levels of stress exceed what we normally see... > emergence of anxiety and depression early on in the stages > persistance of symptoms after the pandemic > residual effects that require support.