Chapter 6 Flashcards
People engage in eating and substance use behaviours for various reasons, including what reasons?
> social pressure, modelling by peers, and other cultural factors.
Eating and recreational substance use have high potential to become what type of behaviour (when their response to a situation is negative)? What can occur as a result of them becoming a maladaptive behaviour?
> high potential to be maladaptive in response to negative feelings and chal-lenging situations.
> Once a person does this as a response to stress, the behaviours can become habitual responses to negative emotions.
> individual may begin to believe that eating or substance-use behaviours are helpful and essential in the management of personal distress.
Define maladaptive behaviours:
> Behaviours that interfere with the acquisition or use of skills needed for successful adaption and adjustment to situations
Although abnormal patterns of eating and substance use can be pleasurable in the short term, they can have long-term negative outcomes. What are some of those outcomes?
> may cause harm to the situation the person is in (i.e. uses drinking to cope but when stressed for an exam drinks too much and as a result doesn’t study)
> may become habitual and as a resort end up as a maladaptive coping mechanism for that person.
People often develop problems with maladaptive behaviours (e.g., overeating, smoking, and drug use) at what age?
> a relatively young age - but they can develop at any age.
How do maladaptive behaviours typically develop and what can they become?
> these behaviours are usually acquired over time and may start as experimentation and/or in response to social pressure and influence.
> Many maladaptive behaviours can become excessive and impact a person’s quality of life and his or her family and friends.
Eating behaviour, however, can become a cause for concern when it becomes what?
> excessive or abnormal.
> In other words, both overeating and undereating can be a cause for concern and may result in an unhealthy dietary lifestyle and pot-entially an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa).
How is eating important in life?
> is essential for survival
> also plays an important role in social activities and celebrations.
> As a child develops, feeding and nurturing play an important role in the bonding process with parents and caretakers.
> Eating also influences a person’s physiological, psychological, and emotional states.
Define healthy eating:
> can be defined as a food intake pattern that results in health benefits rather than harm
What are common features of a healthy diet?
> a diet high in vegetables and fruits
low in saturated fat, sugar, and salt.
Healthy diets are also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (found in sources such as nuts and fish), whole grains and fibre, low-fat or non-fat dairy, fish, legumes, and nuts and low in refined grains and saturated fatty acids
eating the right amount based off of an individuals basal metabolic rate (BMR)
What is a basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
> A person’s specific amount of food energy or calories to maintain bodily function while at rest, called the basal metabolic rate (BMR)(required for each person)
What 6 factors affect an individual’s BMR?
> age
sex
weight
activity level
body composition
genetics
A common way of determining if adults are overweight or underweight is through what method?
> Body mass index. Wh
What are the scales of the BMI among adults between the ages of 20 and 65 years?
What is underweight, healthy, overweight, obese + morbidly obese?
> BMI less than 18.5 = underweight,
18.5 to 24.9 = healthy,
25 to 29.9 as overweight,
30 to 39.9 as obese,
above 40 as extreme or morbidly obese
What is the formula for BMI
Weight (kg)/[Height (m)]2
What are the limitations of the BMI?
> an individual with a BMI in the overweight range who maintains a healthy diet and exercises may be more fit than someone with a healthy BMI who is sedentary and eats unhealthy foods
> someone who exercises and lifts weights may have large amounts of muscle resulting in higher BMI but lower body fat compared to someone who does not.
What factors influence eating behaviour?
> smell or exposure to foods (such as attractive displays of food), and psychological factors, such as stress or boredom, can all influ-ence eating behaviour
How do people normally eat?
> Generally, people eat when they are hungry and stop eating when they are satisfied.
When can maladaptive eating occur? Describe when it is maladaptive when someone over eats, under eats, and excessively diets.
> Maladaptive eating behaviour can occur when a person places too much importance on eating and body size and shape
> Overeating resulting in obesity can be maladaptive, as can undereating resulting in malnutrition
> Overeating and excessive dieting can be maladaptive and may be related to eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia nervosa.
What is a greater contributor to poor health than malnutrition?
> Obesity.
Global estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO; 2017a) have shown that how many people are overweight and how many are obese?
> 2 billion adults are overweight.
Of these individuals, over 600 million are obese.
When did the obesity rate increase in Canada? What population is this emphasized for?
> In Canada, prevalence of obesity among adults increased from 6.1 per cent to 18.3 per cent from 1985 to 2011
> increase in obesity is an especially important concern among the Canadian Indigenous populations where relatively higher rates of obesity have been observed -
What has caused obesity in indigenous populations?
> traditional diet of nutrient-dense game meats have been replaced with high sugar and high fat foods.
> limited access to fresh vegetables and fruits has added to the increased prevalence of obesity and related chronic diseases including diabetes
> Reduced participation in traditional activities such as hunting among the Indigenous popu-lation has decreased levels of physical activity
What is the average caloric intake for someone in the US across time (specifically from the 1970s to 2006). How about Canada:
> total average daily calorie intake increased from 1803 kcal in the 1970s to 2375 kcal by 2006.
Hasn’t increased throughout the same time period.
What factors could affect American populations for obesity?
> changes in sleep patterns,
increased use of medications with weight gain as a side effect,
food pollutants that can affect our hormonal systems)
What are physical impairments as a result of obesity?
> excess weight can lead to mechanical stress on the body and imbalances in hormones and metabolism.
A meta-analysis showed that among men and women with a BMI greater than 30, what fold increase occurs for developing type 2 diabetes? What else was found?
> there was a 7-fold and 12-fold increase respectively, in developing type 2 diabetes compared to those in the normal BMI range
> also demonstrated direct associ-ation between high BMI and specific cancers
BMI was also related to cardiovascular risk factors
What are cardiovascular problems associated with obesity?
> Infraction
stroke
hypertension
angina pectoris
Atherosclerosis
obesity of the heart
What are pancreatic issues associated with obesity?
> diabetes
cholecystitis
pancreatitis
gastritis
violation of the endocrine function of the pancreas
urolithiasis disease
obesity of the liver
constipation
What are bone issues related to obesity?
> gout
osteoarthritis
osteochondrosis
spondylosis
flat-footedness
Socially, what can obesity cause
> impacts a person’s psychological and social functioning.
> often stigmatized by those with whom they interact, including health-care professionals.
> experience increased stress, social alienation, and low self-esteem
A meta-analysis of 15 studies involved participants who were followed for over 25 years, and showed that people who were obese had what risk for what mental disorder?
> had a 55 per cent greater risk of developing depression than those who were not obese.
> Furthermore, those who had heightened levels of depressive symptoms to begin with had a 58 per cent greater risk of becoming obese in the longer term
Frequently losing and regaining weight is often referred to as what?
> Yo-Yo dieting or weight cycling and can be par-ticularly problematic.
What can be said about the empirical basis of dieting?
> Diets are often not evidence-based and may not provide people with an adequate amount of calories and nutrients.
> Some fad diets can result in several negative health consequences.
> When weight loss is expedited, much of the loss can be water and muscle rather than fat tissue.
> People may also have lower nutrient and energy intake due to limited food consumption.
What are the outcomes when weight loss is achieved through dieting alone? What percentage of dieters adhering to this method do so over an extended period of time
> only last for a short period of time and there may not be long-term maintenance of the weight loss.
> The percentage of dieters adhering to diet regiments over extended periods of time is generally low
One of the main explanations for the lack of long-term weight loss maintenance is what
> is unsuccessful lifestyle change and absence of psychological maintenance inter-ventions following successful diets.
Successful weight loss maintenance often involves a focus on the deveopment of what? What skills are required for long-term success?
> the development of individualized, appropriate, and realistic goals for healthier lifestyles
> improved eating habits.
> and the development of coping skillsis typically for long-term success.
Unhealthy dieting or weight-cycling behaviour can have physical and psychological implications on the functioning of an individual- what health outcomes occur as a result?
What physical outcome (contributes to the risk of) + what psych outcome?
> contribute to risk of cardiometabolic diseases, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension
> psychological factors such as depression and anxiety may increase the risk of over-eating, which, in turn, could increase anxiety and depression
In the United States, what percentage of men and women diet?
> It is estimated that approximately 44 per cent of men and 65 per cent of women in the United States participate in some form of dieting
In Canada, what percentage of young adolescents diet? What did the Canadian study on young people find about young adults in grade 10?
> Substan-tial portions
> In a study of Canadian young people, 29 per cent of Grade 10 girls and 9 per cent of Grade 10 boys reported being on a diet or doing something else in order to lose weight
What influences dieting in young girls?
> Among young adults, particularly females, fashion maga-zines that promote extremely thin models may increase the likelihood of unhealthy dieting in some people
Eating disorders are usually characterized by
> serious disturbances in eating behaviour and extreme concern about body size or weight.
What are the three main categories of eating disorders?
> anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by:
> extreme weight loss (BMI <17.5) due to extremely low caloric intake stemming from an extreme fear of being overweight
> often spend a great deal of time thinking of food but they eat very little
> Have abnormal perceptions of their body image (think they are obese when they are actually concerningly thin)
Persons with bulimia nervosa can be distinguished from those with anorexia nervosa based on what?
> on presence of binge eating and purging episodes.
What is binge
(bulimia) eating is characterized by?
> characterized by intake of (usually large amounts of food) with a sense of loss of control during the episodes
> often engage in purging behaviour such as vomiting or taking laxatives to rid the body of the excess calories
Those that are diagnosed with bulimia often have what?
> normal BMI
What is the best way to prevent anorexia * prof notes
> consult health professional
eat adequate amount of food
work with a nutriontist
What is binge-eating disorder characterized by
> characterized by food binges
in which a person eats an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time with a sense of lack of control during the binging episode.
Unlike those with bulimia, what do those with binge-eating disorder do?
> these individuals do not engage in purging behaviour but may feel embarrassed, uncomfortable, or guilty about binging.
Individuals with binge-eating disorder often fall in the BMI range of what?
> greater than 30.
What are the negative health outcomes for those with eating disorders? (specifically for anorexia (3) and bulimia (2) both (1))
> People with anorexia, for example, may experience bone loss and be at greater risk for fractures
> Anorexia: Abnormalities in endocrine, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems may develop
> Among women with anorexia nervosa, rates of fertility and maternity are greatly reduced
> Dental damage as well as cardiac problems among those who engage in frequent vomiting may be typical (Bulimia)
> Frequent laxative use can cause serious gastrointestinal complications (Bulimia)
> Moreover, comorbid psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders are common among those with eating disorders
Engaging in maladaptive eating behaviour is a result of what?
A complex set of what?
> a complex set of biological, psychological, and social risk factors that interplay and influence the person’s initial exploratory stages and the long-term maintenance of the behaviour.
What are biological risk factors for maladaptive eating behaviours?
> Genetic vulnerability
What are social risk factors for maladaptive eating behaviours?
PSCS
- Peers
- Socio-economic status
- Culture
- Sedentary lifestyle
