Chapter 8 Flashcards
How does the WHO describe chronic diseases?
> describes chronic diseases as being of “long duration and generally slow progression”
What are some common conditions that are generally subsumed under the umbrella of chronic disease
- CVD
- Cancer
- COPD (including asthma)
- Type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
- Arthritis.
- HIV
- AIDS
- MS
- IBD Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis).
Chronic pain can be the result of what?
> the result of a wide variety of different health conditions and injuries
1) More than half of people over 20 years of age, in both Canada and the United States, report having how many chronic conditions?
2) How many deaths in these countries are associated with chronic conditions?
1) at least one chronic health condition
2) approximately 88 to 89 per cent of all deaths are due to chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease
The incidence of chronic health problems generally increases with what factor? Is it changing?
> increases with age
there are changing trends and demographic dispar-ities - i.e. some only rise in children (IBD)
1) Between 1999 and 2010, the number of children under five years of age diagnosed with IBD went up by what percentage each year?
2) What has caused it?
1) 7.2 per cent per year
2) Cause is still unknown, but environmental and genetic contributors, are to probably to blame
Indigenous populations are disproportionately affected by chronic conditions- specifically what condition and by how much more times likely are they?
> Indigenous peoples are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to develop heart disease than the general Canadian population
Disparities in prevalence of chronic disease, access to treatment, and treatment outcomes exist among which groups?
> minorities
people of lower educational attainment
individuals living in rural and remote areas
individuals living in poverty
High rates of chronic health concerns place an enormous strain on health-care systems.
1) How much does it cost Canada per year?
2) What percentage of this is a direct health care cost?
3) What is the percentage of the US?
1) $200 billion per year
2) approximately 67 per cent of all direct health-care costs are attributed to chronic conditions
3) 86 per cent of all 2010 health-care spending went towards individuals with one or more chronic medical concerns
The most devastating consequence of many chronic diseases is what?
> Loss of life
Chronic illnesses represent what type of cause of mortality in North America? Why?
> Chronic illnesses represent one of the leading causes of mortality in North America
Heart disease and cancers account for the highest number of deaths in both the United States and Canada
Health psychologists develop interventions targeting what?
> the psychosocial consequences of the possibility of loss of life
a loved one has passed away as a result of chronic disease
intervene to help people with a variety of other consequences of chronic illness
Fatigue, which can impede patients’ ability to complete daily activities, is reported across a range of chronic conditions, including:
> cancer, HIV, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and arthritis, to name a few
Can fatigue be a core symptom of a chronic health condition? If so, what condition has this core symptom?
> It can be a core symptom of the health condition, as is the case in fibromyalgia
In addition to being an obvious consequence in pain-related diagnoses, such as arthritis and fibromyalgia, pain is commonly reported among a wide variety of patients including those with what conditions?
HIV, IBD, D, C, MS
> those with HIV
IBD
diabetes
cancer
and multiple sclerosis
Persistent pain often leads to what?
> increased emotional and psychological distress
Individuals with chronic health conditions including heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, chronic pain, breathing problems, and gastrointestinal problems report what compared to those without a chronic condition?
Related to sleep…
> more frequent insomnia
many chronic health conditions can lead to what type of physical impairments?
> can lead to functional impairments and physical disabilities
Adjusting to loss of ability and physical function can be challenging, particularly as it impinges on what?
> impinges on one’s independence
lifestyle,
social roles,
previously enjoyed activities
also present a threat to emotional and psychological well-being
Mental health concerns and chronic health problems commonly co-occur, which makes adjustment more difficult. This relationship is complex; what does that mean?
another inverse relationship:
> mental health prob-lems may interfere with recovery/rehabilitation from physical illness
physical illness can in-crease the risk of mental health problems
Chronic medical conditions are cormorbid with mental health problems - at what rates compared to the general population?
> Across chronic medical conditions, comorbid mental health problems are commonly observed at rates higher than seen in the general population
Chronic medical conditions can affect the ability to work - what factors are related to the inability to work?
P,PD, F, MHP, CI, GS
> these factors include pain, physical disability, fatigue, mental health problems, cognitive impairment, and gastrointestinal symptoms
What effect can occur as a result of not working (Due to a chronic medical condition) ?
> significant effect on financial security and is associated with decreased quality of life
> family caregivers may also be impacted financially by loss of work that occurs because they need extra time to provide care or support to their ill family member
Dyadic adjustment to chronic health problems involves multiple components, such as:
> coping with renegotiating roles within the relationship and dealing with the possibility of a long-term or life-threatening illness
How can a chronic medical condition affect a relationship?
> can place strain on the relationship.
It is not unusual for both the healthy and the ill partner to experience psychological distress when one partner has a chronic illness
people with a chronic health condition may experience decreased sexual desire, disability, or pain that im-pairs the couple’s sexual satisfaction and intimacy
There are numerous avenues through which health psychologists can intervene in chronic disease- what are some of the ways?
> these include prevention
health-promotion work with at-risk populations prior to the onset of medical condition
helping patients with adherence to recommended regimens
help with adjustment to one’s new life situation.
Certain psychological and behavioural factors are known to increase one’s risk of developing a chronic health problem. These factors include:
> stress, lifestyle, and personality characteristics.
There are numerous examples linking chronic disease and stress - what was war an example of?
> Populations who experience natural disasters or war, for example, have been found to present with increased incidence of cardiovascu-lar disease
Individuals with persistently high levels of stress are more often seen for what condition?
> irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
How does stress impact people with MS? Both negative and positive stress:
> Stressful events such as changes in routines and major negative life stressors have been shown to predict new or enlarging lesions in the brains of patients with MS (negative stress)
> positive stressors (i.e., stress that is linked to challenges/goals that provide a sense of meaning and purpose; see Chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion) are associated with reduced risk of developing new or enlarging brain lesions in MS patients
Perhaps paradoxically, during stressful periods people may engage in behaviours that further increase the risk of illness- what are some examples? What can we classify these behaviours as?
> behavioural changes that occur in response to stressors = risk factors for chronic medical conditions
i.e. sleeping less to study
Certain lifestyle factors such as what are contributors to the development of chronic disease?
TS,PI, PSH, UE, ECA
> tobacco smoking
physical inactivity
poor sleeping habits
unhealthy eating
excessive consumption of alcohol
he WHO has estimated that by improving diet, increasing activity, and eliminating smoking, what percentage of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes and cancer could be prevented?
> 80 per cent of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes cases,
as well as 40 per cent of cancer cases, would be prevented.
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for what?
> is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality and has been identified by the WHO as a serious health issue
In both adults and children, physical activity can improve what? How about just adults?
**BOTH:
**- improves cholesterol levels,
- blood pressure,
- body composition,
- bone density,
- cardiorespiratory
- musculoskeletal fitness,
- + aspects of mental health.
**
**ADULTS: **
- reduced risk of premature death,
- coronary heart disease,
- stroke,
- hypertension,
- various forms of cancer,
- type 2 diabetes, and
- osteoporosis
How did Canada compare to Slovenia when it came to children’s rate of exercise? (What was Canada’s percentage compared to theirs?)
> In Canada, only 9 per cent of youth aged 5 to 17 years met the physical activ-ity guidelines (60 minutes of physical activity per day)
> In Slovenia, 86 per cent of boys and 76 per cent of girls are getting the recommended 60 minutes of activity per day
Although the recommenda-tion is that adults engage in 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week, in increments of 10 minutes or more what per cent of Canadians 18 years of age and over are not meeting these physical activity guidelines?
> 77.8%
Poor sleep has been associated with a plethora of negative health outcomes. Describe the relationship between poor sleep and chronic medical conditions?
It’s an inverse relationship…
> Although having a health condition can impact quality of sleep, not getting enough sleep can also lead to chronic health problems.
> INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
What job is associated with poor sleep and also therefore classified as a risk factor for illness?
> night shifts or rotating night shifts
This type of work schedule inevitably interferes with one’s regular sleeping pattern.
The impact can be so severe that the World Health Organization has classified night work as a possible contributor to illness
Across populations, sleep loss is associated with:
> increased risk of having a heart attack
increased mental distress and alcohol use
and premature death
Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables has been found to lower of the risk of what and what is that reduced risk especially true for?
> found to lower risk of mortality, especially mortality from cardiovascular disease
Canada’s Food Guide recommends that adults (19 to 50 years of age) consume at least how many servings of fruit and vegetables? What is the case though?
> at least 7 to 10 servings of vegetables and fruits per day
Added sugar and sodium is exceeding the weekly portions
plus people are not eating the requited amount of servings for fruit, vegetables, and diary.
Sugar intake, trans fats, and saturated fats are associated with what while sodium is the culprit for what?
> with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes,
while sodium may be a culprit in many cases of cardiovascular disease
What is the leading global cause of preventable death?
> smoking
