Class Slide Deck (All Chapters)

Question 1

How is rape considered a crime of violence?

Answer 1

> Visceral (instinctual) reaction as rape.
Violation of the most intimate kind.
strikes at our identities as women and men
is the ultimate assaultive crime
“Rape strips its victim of her power to make determinations about perhaps the single most intrinsic value in her existence: the right to share intimacy.”

Question 2

What are misunderstandings of rape?

Answer 2

– Perceive - crime only against women.
– Think - only in terms of forced intercourse

Question 3

The national Violence Against Women & Men Survey that suggests that there are how many victims of rape occur annually?

Answer 3

> Over 900,000 men and women over the age of 18 - victims of rape annually.

Question 4

Are police reports reliable for rape?

Answer 4

> less reliable police reports available in most cases

> Most of the research is not focused on exclusively police reports - if we focused on UCR data, (it is less likely to be reported) we would not have an accurate number.

> more likely to bring in rape victimization surveys to understand prevalence (self reports are good but surveys are better)

Question 5

Most victims, less than 3 out of 10, report victimization. They are reluctant because:

Answer 5

– Intimate nature
– Fear of retaliation
– Fear of not being believed
– Shame, embarrassment, and social stigma
– Fear of being victimized by justice system (2nd rape) – revictimization by CJS

Question 6

Demographic Factors from
the NCVS:

Answer 6

– Younger people had the highest rates of rape - 16 to 19 years - greatest risk
of rape.
– By the age of 35, the risk of rape decreases significantly - remains low levels
throughout life course.
– Income also appears to be related to rape victimization.
– Lower incomes - increased risk of victimization

Question 7

College Women and Rape - what do we know?

Answer 7

• Women attending college - greater risk for rape, sexual assault

– Nearly 5% of college women victimized in any given year.

– Every 1,000 women attending college - may be 35 incidents of rape in a given academic year.

– Sampled 6,000 students from 32 colleges and found 53% reported some sort of unwanted sexual contact.

– 15% had been victimized by rape, and 12% an attempted rape.

> Part of the can vary due to lifestyle (i.e. you are more likely to come into contact with more people/socialization when going to college)

Question 8

What can be said about the assailants for college rape?

Answer 8

> Most victims know their assailants.
– 9 out of 10 offenders were known to the victim - NCWSV study, Koss found 83% of
victims knew assailant.
– Majority of offenders were classmates, friends, boyfriends, ex-boyfriends.

Question 9

Where were the majority of college rapes perpetrated and how were they facilitated?

Answer 9

> Majority of rapes, on or off campus, took place in residences.

> Facilitated - variety of drugs

Question 10

Prison Rape- what is it?

Answer 10

– Rape and sexual assaults against inmates that occur in correctional facilities
– Perpetrated by other inmates and/or correctional staff

Question 11

What prevents reports of prision rape?

Answer 11

> Convict culture - prohibits snitching and precludes victims’ reporting

> “Snitches” or “rats” who inform on other inmates are considered the lowest members of the inmate hierarchy.

Question 12

What report is infamous for prison rape?

Answer 12

> Human Rights Watch testimony from over 200 prisoners in 37 states and published “No Escape: Male Rape in Prison.”

Question 13

What law was enacted for prison rape?

Answer 13

– Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
– Requires data collection on sexual assault

Question 14

Rape and the U.S. Military: what did the Survey for active-duty men, women by Rand Corporation for DOD find about women and unwanted sexual contact in the past year? Who was it reported to?

Answer 14

• women’s unwanted sexual contact in past year declined from 6.1% 2012 to 4.3% in
  2014.

– (53%) female victims - reported attacks to military authority - perceived social
retaliation, perceived adverse administrative action (35%) or professional
retaliation (32%)

• The DOD stands for the Department of Defence.

Question 15

Genocide and Rape- how does it connect to war? Provide some examples;

Answer 15

– Rape as a byproduct of war, population annihilation, and ethnic cleansing

– Women - “spoils of war.”

– Widespread brutal rape of Tutsi women in Rwanda

– International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda convicted Jean Paul Akayesu in 1998

– Serbian “ethnic cleansing” efforts

Question 16

What kind of phenomenon is rape?

Answer 16

– Rape is varied phenomenon, rapists heterogeneous group.
– No single theory is going to explain all rape.
– Studies - interviews with convicted rapists in prison can not be generalized to
all rapists

Question 17

Rapists commit crimes for variety of reasons, but three themes seem to run through all of them

Answer 17

– Power
– Anger
– Sexuality

Question 18

How does power and dominance play into rape? What is the evidence for it?

Answer 18

– Marital or intimate partner rape: is perpetrated against 10% to 14% of all married women and accounts for a quarter of all rapes. Many suggest that this form of rape is often accompanied by additional forms of domestic violence and involves a male perpetrator using sexual violence to maintain power and control.

– Evidence from research with primates - the work of Robert Sapolsky, who did extensive fieldwork with baboons living in the wild, witnessed rapes among baboon communities.

Question 19

One such classification scheme divides rapists into four broad types:

Answer 19

1) Power reassurance
2) Anger retaliation
3) Power Assertive
4) Sadistic

Question 20

what is the power reassurance rape? (What is the individual that perpetrates it like?)

Answer 20

> suffers from low self-esteem, feelings of being inadequate and, in the act of rape, tries to achieve a sense of personal empowerment

Question 21

What is the anger retaliation rape? (What is the individual that perpetrates it like?)

Answer 21

> feels a tremendous amount of hostility toward women and consequently uses rape as a vehicle of revenge

Question 22

What is the power assertive rape? (What is the individual that perpetrates it like?)

Answer 22

> individuals achieve a powerful feeling of being in control and of
having the power of life or death over their victims

Question 23

What is the Sadistic rape? (What is the individual that perpetrates it like?)

Answer 23

> displays extreme violence and cruelty; revels in the pain and humiliation that
inflicted on their victims

Question 24

Power and Dominance- what are feminist components?

Answer 24

– Violence against women - expression - patriarchal social structure. (both sexual and non-sexual)

– Subjugation of women built into organization of society.

– Socialization encourages males to associate aggression and virility with masculinity and women to adopt submissive/passive roles.

– Traditional sex roles - rape is an act of social control, an extension of normative male behavior that defines the traditional male sex role and is integral to the historical powerlessness of women in male-dominated societies.

Question 25

What are some Recent Legislations to Combat Sexual Violence?

Answer 25

– Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act. – Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. – Residential proximity.

Question 26

What is the effect of a sex-offender registry?

Answer 26

– No decline after registries were introduced. - the results indicate that incidents of sexual violence did not decline after such registries were introduced. - Findings revealed that neither future arrests nor future convictions were reduced for those offenders required to register – Examination of sex offender legislation

Question 27

What is the #MeToo movement?

Answer 27

– Found by Tarana Burke; heels of #NotOkay. - The #MeToo movement did not come to the forefront of public consciousness until several women alleged that movie producer, Harvey Weinstein, had raped them in October of 2017.  – Decrease prevalence of sexual assault. - about 30% of those who have tweeted the hashtag are men.

Question 28

What are the conclusions of rape?

Answer 28

– Rape is not a rare event. – Sexual assault is used a tool of violence, power, and dominance. – As the law stands, the vast majority of assailants will never be punished.

Question 29

When the criminal code was amedned in Canada in 1982 - rape was abolished and replaced with what? What was the reasoning?

Answer 29

> ape was abolished and replaced with "sexual assault" > the thinking was to more closely align rape with assault - the focus was on hammering home the idea home that rape is as far away from sex and that it is more akin to a brutal horrifc assault on another human being.

Question 30

What is the most reliable information on rape victimization?

Answer 30

> social scientific surveys

Question 31

In relation to rape, what does the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) do?

Answer 31

> The only survey that monitors rape and sexual assault on an annual basis is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). > The questions used to uncover rape are probably the least behaviorally specific. > In addition to directly asking respondents whether they have experienced “any rape, attempted rape, or other type of sexual attack,” they also ask the following: Incidents involving forced or unwanted sexual acts

Question 32

What is the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990? Why was it passed?

Answer 32

> This legislation mandates that colleges and universities participating in federal student aid programs “prepare, publish, and distribute, through appropriate publications and mailings, to all current students and employees, and to any applicant for enrollment upon request, an annual security report.” Title II of Public Law 101–542. > Part of the can vary due to lifestyle (i.e. you are more likely to come into contact with more people/socialization when going to college)c > Because of the increased vulnerability to rape and other crimes faced by college students, the US Congress passed the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990.

Question 33

What is the "invisible war"

Answer 33

> is a groundbreaking investigative documentary about one of America’s most shameful and best kept secrets: the epidemic of rape within the U.S. military.

Question 33

What are "spoils of war"

Answer 33

> term is often used to explain some type of ‘benefit’ to the attacker/the other side engaged in war during a genocide (in this case barbaric, violent, viscous act of brutality by raping the ‘enemies’ women and children).

Question 33

What is sexual trespass and who coined it?

Answer 33

> Susan Brownmiller explains that women are raped in war by ordinary youths as casually, or as frenetically, as a village is looted or gratuitously destroyed. > Sexual trespass on the enemy’s women is one of the satisfactions of conquest.

Answer 34

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Question 34

Testimonies from survivors in recent times confirm: Rape is what in relation to war?

Answer 34

> extremely widespread and that hundreds of thousands of victims across the globe have been individually raped, gang-raped, raped with objects, held in sexual slavery, or sexually mutilated during contemporary wars and ethnic cleansing campaigns.

Question 35

Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla explain the power and dominance behind rape:

Answer 35

> Males are taught to have expectations about their level of sexual needs and expectations for corresponding female accessibility which function to justify forcing sexual access. > The justification for forced sexual access is buttressed by legal, social, and religious definitions of women as male property and sex as an exchange of goods. > Socialization prepares women to be “legitimate” victims and men to be potential offenders.

Question 36

What is the Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act of 1996? What did it mandate?

Answer 36

> Another legislative addition passed by Congress was this act, in memory of a victims’ rights activist who died in the TWA Flight 800 crash off the coast of Long Island, New York. > This act mandated the creation of a national database of convicted sex offenders designed to track offenders as they moved from state to state and cover for states not in compliance with the Wetterling Act.

Question 37

What is the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act?

Answer 37

> passed by the US Congress in 2006 it mandated a number of changes, including expanding the definition of jurisdiction to include federally recognized American Indian tribes and expanding the number of sex offenses that must be captured by registrations. > The Adam Walsh Act also established a new office within the US Department of Justice to administer the standards for sex offender notification and registration called the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering and Tracking (SMART).

Question 38

Residential proximity appear to matter so little with regard to sexual reoffending: Much has to do with the patterns of sexual offending in general. Sex offenders are more likely to do what?

Answer 38

> much more likely to victimize someone they know.

Question 39

One of the most common victim–offender relationships of this study for those who victimized children was that:

Answer 39

> a male offender developing a romantic relationship with a woman who had children. > They used their relationships with these women to gain access to their victims or through babysitting for an acquaintance or co-worker.

Question 40

Chrysanthi Leon concluded that all sex offenders, regardless of the contextual circumstances of their crimes, are now classified as what?

Answer 40

> “monsters” requiring confinement, which prioritizes the public’s belief “that all sexual offending is harmful, dangerous, and caused by deviant desires that are compulsive and beyond control.”

Question 41

What is the hope of the MeToo movement?

Answer 41

> The hope is that as a society, these posts and movements might decrease individual perceptions that this predatory behavior is going to be tolerated.

Question 42

How is the MeToo movement an informal social control?

Answer 42

> Offending behavior made public on social media not only has the potential of resulting in formal sanctions by the courts, but also involved public shaming, which is a form of informal social control.

Question 43

How is the MeToo movement a formal social control?

Answer 43

> Which involves formal law enforcement sanctions, informal social control sanctions do not involve the criminal justice system. > They are meted out by our family, friends, places of employment, and so on.

Question 44

Which informal controls are just as strong as formal controls?

Answer 44

> For example, shaming, loss of status in society, careers etc. > Importantly, research shows that informal sanctions like these are just as powerful as formal sanctions in deterring criminal behavior.

Question 45

Why can MeToo movements decrease rape prevalence?

Answer 45

> Movements like these may decrease prevalence of sexual assault for several reasons including by changing social attitudes about what behavior is appropriate and by increasing the costs, both formal and informal, of engaging in such behavior.

Question 46

What is a primary homicide?

Answer 46

> involved intimates, friends, and acquaintances (killed by) > the most common type > the least talked about

Question 47

What is a secondary homicide? What did Marvin Wolfgang also call this?

Answer 47

> involved strangers (killed by) > He also coined the phrase stranger crime for this latter category. > they are the most talked about homicides > people are most fearful of this type > the most rare kind of homicide (Compared to primary)

Question 48

Crimes that are most likely to be committed by strangers include what?

Answer 48

> Include robbery, workplace violence including bank robbery, and street gang violence.

Question 49

Marvin Wolfgang divided homicide into two categories - what are they?

Answer 49

> primary homicides + secondary homicides

Question 50

How does the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) define Robbery?

Answer 50

> “Completed or attempted theft, directly from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of force, with or without a weapon, and with or without injury.

Question 51

Robbery occurs in different contexts, including:

Answer 51

> including homes, public locations, and commercial establishments.

Question 52

Sometimes robbery involves offenders known to their victims, but more often it is the case of what?

Answer 52

> involves strangers, and the dynamics of each robbery event can vary dramatically.

Question 53

What do robberies often escalate to?

Answer 53

> often escalate to murder

Question 54

What are the two threatening elements of robbery?

Question 55

What is burglary? What kind of crime is it?

Answer 55

> an act in which an offender(s) breaks into a residence and steals a homeowner’s belongings, is a property crime because there is no force or threat of force to a person

Question 56

Can a burglary become a robbery?

Answer 56

> A burglary can become a robbery if an offender finds someone in the house and uses or threatens to use force against that person during the commission of the crime.

Question 57

What demographic is most likely to experience burglary? Are the rates of robbery stable?

Answer 57

> young adults > rates have remained stable

Question 58

Marital status and geographical location are also related to robbery victimization - how so?

Answer 58

> Those living in urban locations are more likely to experience a robbery compared with either their suburban or rural counterparts. > Being single, either through never marrying or being divorced or separated, also increases the risk of robbery.

Question 59

Equally likely to occur in the daytime as at night: what are the rates out of 10?

Answer 59

> Over four in ten robberies occur at or near a personal residence, while just over half of all robberies occur in public spaces.

Question 60

What are three elements that robbery can involve?

Answer 60

> theft > violence > self-protective action

Question 61

What is robbery sometimes referred to as?

Answer 61

> sometimes referred to as muggings or stickups.

Question 62

What is the common motivation to commit robbery?

Answer 62

> satisfy immediate/illicit gratification need

Question 63

What did Richard Wright and Scott Decker, who interviewed over 80 active robbers in St. Louis, Missouri, find out about the motivation for those that have committed robbery?

Answer 63

> Richard Wright and Scott Decker, who interviewed over 80 active robbers in St. Louis, Missour

Question 64

How does Elijah Anderson's code of the streets relate to robbery?

Answer 64

> One of the “codes” is protecting one’s honor and reputation against acts of disrespect, even with violence if necessary.

Question 65

What did Wright and Decker believe robbery was to an individual that commits robbery?

Answer 65

> “an open-ended quest for excitement and sensory stimulation,” which tends to include things such as gambling, drug use, and heavy drinking.

Question 66

Researchers have found that what elements of street culture prompt robbery?

Answer 66

> outward appearances, dress, and accessories, are also an important part of street culture > some commit robbery to buy status items like the correct brand-named clothes and accessories, like jewelry.

Question 67

Why do people engage in robbery?

Answer 67

> can provide a “rush” or thrill: thrill/danger posed by victimizing someone who might fight back or who could be armed may provide adrenaline rush. > Possibly empowering, sense of mastery and dominance part of motivation for the offender. > Some engage in violence to fulfill survival needs (money / essential needs like food) >

Question 68

What was the sample of robbers like in Wright and Decker’s study? What did they claim would stop them from committing robbery?

Answer 68

> all unskilled and poorly educated > menial with low pay or opportunity for advancement or status > claimed that they would stop robbing if they were given a good job.

Question 69

What does Cohen and Felson’s Theory of Routine Activities Theory argue? Is it a valid theory?

Answer 69

> argue that if these three components come together in time and space, they make for the ‘perfect storm’ for criminality to take place. > The theory and its conceptual frameworks have been tested many times and been found to be a strong theory (valid, reliable and generalizable) that can be applied for different types of crime and, crime victims.

Question 70

What are the three components of Cohen and Felson’s Theory of Routine Activities Theory argue? What also happens with these three components?

Answer 70

> Suitable target > Capable guardians > Motivated criminals/offender > when all three have physical convergence in time and space = robbery occurs / is more likely to occur. > if you remove one of these components = reduce the odds of crime occuring (Robbery)

Question 71

What is a "suitable target" according to the routines activity theory?

Answer 71

> Perception of target vulnerability. > As potential criminals go about their daily activities, they may encounter targets of illegal opportunity: an empty carport, an open door, an unlocked car, a bike left on the street. > Corner homes, especially those near traffic lights or stop signs, are more likely to be burglarized. > Secluded homes, such as those at the end of a cul-de-sac, surrounded by wooded areas, also make suitable targets.

Question 72

What is a Capable guardian according to routine activities theory?

Answer 72

> In routine activities theory, the presence of police, homeowners, neighbours, and others, which can have a deterrent effect on crime. Can take the form of an individual (neighbours) or something inanimate (like a light on at the front porch)

Question 73

What is a motivated criminal/offender according to the Routines activity theory?

Answer 73

> The potential offenders in a population. > According to rational choice theory, crime rates will vary according to the number of motivated offenders. > Typically are young males, homeless, disenfranchised, and unemployed.

Question 74

Robbers often use what to get their victims to comply?

Answer 74

> violence or the threat of violence to get victims to comply

Question 75

Lindegaard, Bernasco, and Jacques describe a robbery event as beginning when what occurs? When can physical injury / force can occur?

Answer 75

> beginning when “the offender makes the victims aware they are being robbed, and its progression, the subsequent flow of events until the offender leaves the scene.” > Physical force and injury can occur during any stage in their model.

Question 76

What do Robbers do during robberies to also increase victim compliance?

Answer 76

> Announce stickup and establish dominance and control

Question 77

According to Wright and Decker, most offenders typically opened their armed robberies with what? How did they conduct the robbery?

Answer 77

> typically opened their armed robberies with a demand that victims stop and listen to them and then quickly summarize the situation for the victim > The majority of assailants also used a gun, the bigger the better. > If a potential victim refused to comply, the robbery offenders most often responded with brutality. > armed robberies that resulted in the death = rare and the vast majority of offenders never intended to seriously injure, much less kill, their victims.

Question 78

What does victim resistance increase the likelihood of?

Answer 78

> increases likelihood that robber will use physical force against intended target.

Question 79

Jody Miller: analyzed 14 interviews with active female robbers from Wright and Decker’s sample. She found that the most common form of female robbery was what? What should be noted about this result?

Answer 79

> was to rob other females in a physically confrontational manner > NOTE: small sample size.

Question 80

Miller's research does reveal some interesting gender differences in robbery offending - what has been found?

Answer 80

> found that the motivations for robbery were essentially the same for male and female robbers; > however, their modus operandi was different. - commit robberies to party/pursue rather than for pleasures - rarely ambushed their target

Question 81

What kind of problem did Simon Hallsworth believe street robbery was?

Answer 81

> street robbery problem of a society that induces young people to desire and covet the very goods associated with the ‘good life’.

Question 82

What does the Institutional theory of anomie state about robbery?

Answer 82

> if all citizens had equal access to a quality education and a good job that would allow them to provide a good life for themselves and their families, rates of robbery would most certainly decrease.

Question 83

What does the Cost-benefit analysis of robbery involve?

Answer 83

> a majority of robbers may anticipate getting arrested in the future, they may not perceive this as a real threat or cost. - sometimes they overestimate the likelihood of the benefit and underestimate the risk/cost to the consequences - or sometimes they are right.

Question 84

What does robbery have a strong connection to?

Answer 84

> strong connection between robbery + the state of the economy > Offenders lives spent on the street, riddled with insecurity, poverty, disorganization, and addiction.

Question 85

Recommendation that penalties for robbery be increased? What are the penalties like now?

Answer 85

> Penalties for robbery are already very extreme.

Question 86

For the crime of murder, convicted robbers are more likely to be sentenced to what?

Answer 86

> prison compared with offenders convicted of other crimes of violence, including rapists.

Question 87

What does situational crime prevention entail?

Answer 87

> technical and structural solutions to crime and in response design environments or products in ways that minimize the risk of victimization. > Measures such as installing cameras in crime-prone areas are among such techniques.

Question 88

What are the programs committed to reducing street robbery most similar to?

Answer 88

> similar to capable guardianship from routines activity theory

Question 89

What were bank robberies used to be seen as? What occured during this time when bank robberies were most common?

Answer 89

> banks associated with big business and government authority so people felt just in robbing them > Poverty, job loss, foreclosures, and hopelessness were prevalent, many bank robbers were seen as underdogs fighting a cruel and unjust system.

Question 90

Do bank robberies get media attention? Are they common?

Answer 90

> rarely get media attention > Despite the lack of media coverage and more sophisticated security systems, bank robberies are still relatively common.

Question 91

In order, what are the most common bank robberies by type of institution in 2018?

Answer 91

1) commerical bank 91% 2) Credit unions 7% 3) Unknown + savings/loans (both 1%) 4) Armored carrier + mutual savings bank (0% each)

Question 92

In order, what is the most to least common frequency of bank robberies by day?

Answer 92

1) Friday 2) Monday 3) Thursday 4) Tuesday 5) Wednesday 6) Saturday 7) Sunday

Question 93

Who are the majority of street robberies committed by?

Answer 93

> majority committed by males: females represented about 8% of all offenders.

Question 94

Most bank robberies involve:

Answer 94

> individual waiting in line for a teller, > passing note to teller letting teller know bank is being robbed. > Happens very quickly, most customers usually don’t even know a robbery is taking place.

Question 95

What is a Takeover robbery?

Answer 95

> involves several armed individuals seizing control of a bank. > Risks are greater, potentially larger payoff.

Question 96

What are other workplace fatalities?

Answer 96

> transportation accidents, fires and explosions, accidental hits by machinery or other equipment, falls, slips, trips, and exposure to toxic substances.

Question 97

People in health professions (mental health workers, nurses) relatively at high risk: in particular what kind of worker?

Answer 97

> those who work in emergency rooms. > Makes sense when we realize that people admitted to emergency rooms are often high or intoxicated, suffering from mental illness, or going through withdrawals and detoxing, all of which can increase the risk of violent assault.

Question 98

Are men or women more likely to be killed on the job?

Answer 98

> Females, more likely to be murdered on job compared to their male counterparts: - Women on the job were most likely to be killed by an intimate, an ex, or some other family member, followed by robbers, and co-workers. > Compare this to males, whose relatives perpetrated the crime in only 2% of cases. (usually killed by someone unknown to them or a robber)

Question 99

Differential risk of particular types of violence varies across different occupations: Specifically, people in what kind of occupation are more likely to be killed robberies? How about assault victimizations?

Answer 99

> people in retail sales have the highest risk for robbery victimization, while law enforcement personnel have the highest assault risk.

Question 100

not all retail sales positions are at equal risk for violence - what do the stats say?

Answer 100

> Even within job categories, however, risks can vary. > Statistics indicate that within retail sales positions, bartenders appear particularly vulnerable to workplace violence, as do gas station attendants. > Also, while those in law enforcement appear to be especially vulnerable to violence on the job, police officers are over twice as likely to be victimized as corrections officers.

Question 101

Jobs can also vary by what other factor?

Answer 101

> Jobs located in high crime areas heighten the risk as well: > A position that requires an employee to be out and about in the community especially at all hours of the day and night makes the job a bit more dangerous. > When your job requires that you work with high risk populations, including criminal justice involved individuals or those with mental health issues, this also increases the risk of being victimized.

Question 102

National Gang Center: Sponsored by the US Department of Justice, uses the following criteria for classifying groups as gangs:

Answer 102

1) The group has three or more members, generally aged 12–24. 2) Members share an identity, typically linked to a name, and often other symbols. 3) Members view themselves as a gang, and they are recognized by others as a gang. 4) The group has some permanence and a degree of organization. 5) The group is involved in an elevated level of criminal activity.

Question 103

What gangs are excluded from the National Gang Center criteria?

Answer 103

> These criteria exclude other types of gangs that are typically more organized and composed of older adults, including prison gangs, motorcycle gangs, and other organized crime gangs.

Question 104

Is there a single definition for gangs?

Answer 104

> There is no single accepted definition of a “gang” in general: The issue is that other terms are often used interchangeably with gang, including street gang, youth gang, and so on.

Question 105

Where does the majority of street gang violence take place?

Answer 105

> Here we see as might be expected, the majority of gang violence and gang activity occurs in urban settings - large cities (to a lesser degree in small cities / suburbs / rural areas)

Question 106

What is the main reason to join a street gang? What are other reasons?

Answer 106

> One study found that the need for protection is the main reason members gave for joining. > Other common reasons: wanting to feel safe, wanting to be respected and wanting to belong.

Question 107

Yasser Payne: argues adapting to street life is what?

Answer 107

> a “site of resilience” that emerges as a function of blocked economic and educational opportunity.

Question 108

In some cities, gang violence represents a larger proportion of all violence than in other cities: For example- what are some "gang capitals"?

Answer 108

> in the so-called gang capitals of the United States, Chicago and Los Angeles, about half of all homicides are gang related.

Question 109

what is the breakdown of percentages for gang-related homicdes by geographic area 2012?

Answer 109

1) Large cities = 67% 2) Suburban = 17% 3) Small cities = 11% 4) Small areas = 5%

Question 110

Another important element related to gang violence in certain cities is what? Is it clear in how the two are related?

Answer 110

> cities is drug-related activity, but it is not clear how it is related. > Some contend that the illicit drug trafficking and sales conducted by gangs is what increases violence, while others contend both drugs and gang activity are caused by the preexisting conditions of social disorganization and economic disadvantage.

Question 111

What other type of conflict is related to gang violence?

Answer 111

> Conflict between rival gangs is also related to gang violence. > This violence, which includes homicides, is frequently the result of several conflict-related circumstances, including maintaining turf, defending one’s identity as a gang member, defense of the gang’s honor and reputation, and revenge or retaliation.

Question 112

What overall goal are programs against preventing gang violence connected to?

Answer 112

> Connected with an overall goal of reducing juvenile delinquency in general > cannot be effective without considering larger community and societal contexts in which gangs exist. > For example, providing conflict resolution training along with educational and/or vocational training.

Question 113

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) developed Comprehensive Gang Model to reduce gang crime - what is this model?

Answer 113

> Comprehensive Gang Model is designed to reduce gang crime in targeted neighborhoods using interventions that had been shown to work in addressing individual, family, and community factors that contributed to juvenile delinquency and gang activity.

Question 114

Cure Violence: Views violence from a public health perspective - what are the three components?

Answer 114

1) The goal of this program is to reduce homicides by identifying youth who are most at risk of being shot or shooting someone else. 2) Trained mediators, who are often former gang members, mediate conflicts between gang-involved youth both in the streets and in hospital emergency rooms. 3) Experimental evaluations indicate that it did significantly reduce homicides in the vast majority of cities in which it was implemented.

Question 115

Are programs against gang violence effective? What are the underlying factors from which gang members are created?

Answer 115

> While this and similar programs have shown promise, it is important to remember that they do not change the underlying factors from which gang members are created, > which include structural disadvantage, blocked educational and economic opportunities, and alienation from the larger society, schools, and often their own families.

Question 116

What are the five strategies in OJJDP's comprehensive gang model

Answer 116

1) community mobilization 2) opportunties provision 3) social intervention 4) suppression 5) organizational change and development

Question 117

What is community mobilization?

Answer 117

> involvement of local citizens, former gang related youth, local angencies and community groups

Question 118

What is opportunity provision?

Answer 118

> a variety of educational, training, and employment programs targeting gang-involved youth

Question 119

What is social intervention?

Answer 119

> involvement of youth-services agencies, schools, faith based organizations, police + other orgs to reach out to gang involved youth and their families

Question 120

What is suppression?

Answer 120

> formal and informal social control, including close supervision of gang-involved youth by CJS and school-based agencies as well as grass roots groups

Question 121

What is organizational change and development?

Answer 121

> development of polices and procedure that result in the most effective use of available resources across agencies to address the gang problem

Question 122

What happened at the "Attack on Tree of Life Synagogue"

Answer 122

> On the morning of October 27, 2018, the tranquility of Squirrel Hill was shattered when Robert Gregory Bowers perpetrated the deadliest hate crime against Jewish citizens in the United States. > At 9:45 a.m., Bowers entered the Tree of Life Synagogue where Shabbat morning services were underway. > Armed with a semi-automatic rifle and a number of handguns, Bowers immediately opened fire killing two brothers who were standing next to the main entryway. > He then began roaming through the rooms and floors of the synagogue shooting at anyone he saw.

Question 123

What was the attack on the tree of Life Synagogue?

Answer 123

> it was a straightforward case of anti-Semitism > in other words, it was a hate crime.

Question 124

The Tree of Life Synagogue represents what? Have hate crimes been increasing?

Answer 124

> represents a particularly horrific example of hate crime that shocked the nation, recent years have unfortunately seen many examples of this particular form of violent crime. > In fact, over the last several years, hate crimes have been on the rise in the U.S. according to the FBI and many other countries around the world.

Question 125

What was the Murder of James Byrd Jr? What was notable about this case?

Answer 125

> One night in June 1998, James Byrd Jr., a 49-year-old African American, declined a ride home from a friend during a party and decided to walk home alone on Martin Luther King Boulevard in Jasper, Texas. > A gray pickup truck driven by Shawn Berry, the manager of a local movie theater, and two other men Byrd did not know pulled up and Berry asked Byrd whether he wanted a ride. > When Byrd climbed into the back of the truck, Berry gave him a beer. > Byrd’s decapitated body was found the next morning. > The brutal murder of James Byrd Jr. was the first time that the term hate crime came to the forefront of public consciousness in the United States. (THIS IS WHAT WAS NOTABLE)?

Question 126

What was the Murder of Matthew Shepard?

Answer 126

> Matthew Shepard, a 21-year-old college student attended the University of Wyoming. > On the evening of October 7, 1998, Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney went to a known gay bar with the intent of targeting a gay man for robbery. > They met Shepard there and offered him a ride home. > Instead of taking him home, however, they took him to a remote area, tied him to a fence post, pistol-whipped him in the head to unconsciousness, and then left him there to die. > He never regained consciousness and died four days later on October 12.

Question 127

What happened after the murders of James Byrd Jr. and Matthew Shepard?

Answer 127

> were considered Catalysts for Modern Hate Crime Legislation > Hate crime statutes after the murders of Byrd and Shepard were enacted > at the time of both Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr.’s deaths, most states did not have hate crime statutes.  > Today, 46 states and the District of Columbia have some sort of bias crime legislation. > Generally, these statutes add additional time onto sentence lengths for those convicted of hate-motivated offenses.

Question 128

What is a hate crime?

Answer 128

> criminal offense perpetrated because of some underlying prejudice or hatred perceived by the offender(s).

Question 129

When does an ordinary crime becomes a hate crime?

Answer 129

> An ordinary crime becomes a hate crime when offenders select a victim because of some characteristic, such as the victim’s race or religion.

Question 130

Hate crimes involve victims who are targeted for what reasons?

Answer 130

> Hate crimes involve victims who are targeted because of their religion, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or any other group identity that is targeted because of bias, prejudice, and intolerance.

Question 131

Does genocide share a quality with hate crimes?

Answer 131

> Shared quality with genocide: victim is not necessarily chosen because of who they are or what they did, but simply because they belong to a particular group. > This type of impersonal victimization is something that hate crimes share with genocide, genocides can be considered an extreme, systematic, and collective type of hate crime.

Question 132

What is the FBI definition of a hate crime?

Answer 132

> a hate crime, also known as a bias crime, is a criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin. > As the language of the FBI definition suggests, bias crime is sometimes used as another term for hate crime.

Question 133

What is the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990?

Answer 133

> The first major hate crime legislation passed at the federal level was called the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990. > The law directed the attorney general to collect data “about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity”.

Question 134

What is the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and when was it passed?

Answer 134

> In September 1994, Congress passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to include both physical and mental disabilities.

Question 135

What is the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act? When was it signed and what was it expanded on?

Answer 135

> The most recent law enacted at the federal level against hate crimes is called the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act; > it was signed into law by President Obama in March of 2010. > The law expanded federal hate crime legislation to include violence based on gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability in addition to the already-existing criteria based on race and religion.

Question 136

What is the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996?

Answer 136

> U.S. Congress enacted the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996, which mandated the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program to begin collecting statistics on offenses motivated by bias against physical and mental disabilities in January 1997. > The UCR collects data only on those incidents that are reported to the police.

Question 137

Important to note, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) did not start asking victims about whether they perceived they were targeted because of bias until what year?

Answer 137

> until 2003

Question 138

At what level are hate crimes charged for?

Answer 138

> Hate crime charges at federal level

Question 139

As with the vast majority of interpersonal violence, data from the NCVS is what compared to UCR data?

Answer 139

> As with the vast majority of interpersonal violence, data from the NCVS is more valid and reliable than police report data because only a fraction of victimizations are reported to police. > For example, one analysis by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that less than half of hate crimes (44%) are reported to law enforcement.

Question 140

Reasons given for not reporting victimizations according to the NCVS?

Answer 140

> many victims handled it privately, or referred the matter to a non-law enforcement official such as a teacher or staff member at a school or an apartment manager.

Question 141

Almost a quarter of victims, however, simply did not report because of what reason?

Answer 141

> because they felt that the police wouldn’t be interested or willing to respond or because they felt that it would cause more trouble for them from the perpetrator or friends of the perpetrator.

Question 142

What is the NCVS’s hate crime definition>

Answer 142

> NCVS defines hate crimes as those incidents in which victims believe the offender selected them for victimization because of one or more of their personal characteristics, including race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and disability.

Question 143

What incidents are also included in the NCVS's definition of a hate crime?

Answer 143

> this definition also includes incidents in which the offender perceives the victim as belonging to or associated with a group largely identified by one of these characteristics OR perceives the victim as associating with people having certain characteristics.

Question 144

What is the Percentage Distribution of 7,106 Single-Bias Incidents Reported to Law Enforcement in 2017 by Bias Type?

Answer 144

1) the majority is based on race/ethnicity/ancestry 59% 2) Religous 22% 3) Sexual orientation 16% 4) Gender identity + Disability 2% 5) Gender bias 0.6%

Question 145

What is the Percentage Distribution of 8,437 Hate Crime Offenses Reported to Law Enforcement in 2017 By Offense Type? What should we note about this?

Answer 145

1) Destruction/damage/vandalism 27.6% 2) Intimidation 27.1% 3) Simple assualt 20.7% 4) Aggravtaed assault 11.7% - UCR data and a really large sample size.

Question 146

Over half (55%) of violent hate crimes reported to the NCVS were perpetrated by what kind of offenders?

Answer 146

> were perpetrated by known offenders. > That is, they were acquainted with the victims and about 61% of were male. > Violent hate crime is also more likely to involve multiple offenders than other violent crime.

Question 147

Between 2011 and 2015, the most likely type of bias, according to victim’s perceptions in the NCVS data, was directed against what?

Answer 147

> a person’s race (48.1%), followed by ethnicity (35.4%) which includes a person’s ancestral, cultural, social, or national affiliation. > These first two categories of bias were followed in descending order by gender, association, sexual orientation, religion, disability, and perceived characteristics.

Question 148

What is lynching? What kind of violence was this?

Answer 148

> there are many ways in which anti-Black violence has been historically carried out, perhaps the most well-known and infamous example of such an offense is known as lynching, a type of collective violence in which a group of individuals circumvent the law and punish individuals for real or imagined crimes.

Question 149

What does lynching involve?

Answer 149

> Initially it usually involved punishments such as whippings and tarring-and-feathering, but over time it evolved to become a much more lethal form of social control, one that typically included torture, mutilation, hanging, and burning.

Question 150

Lynchings were typically carried out by what? What group was it most likely perpetrated by?

Answer 150

> by a lynch mob and could therefore comprise a form of collective violence. > Lynching most commonly was perpetrated against Blacks.

Question 151

What is the justice for Victims of Lynching Act of 2018?

Answer 151

> a law that provides for a federal sentence of life in prison for two or more people convicted of killing someone because of their actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin.

Question 152

The origin of the term ‘lynching’ most likely comes from what?

Answer 152

> judge Charles Lynch, who fought against the Tories, colonists who supported the British against the revolution during the Revolutionary War.

Question 153

When Congress ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, it officially abolished what? What did this start?

Answer 153

> officially abolished slavery, completing the process begun with President Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation. > African Americans were finally free to participate in the economic, social, and political life of the nation. > Unfortunately, many White Southerners resented and hated the newly won rights of their former slaves.

Question 154

What is the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

Answer 154

> extralegal means of social control was also buttressed by a host of legislative initiatives in the Southern states known as the “Black Codes” that were intended to limit the rights of African Americans. > Congress attempted to hamper these codes by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that gave Blacks citizenship and full rights, even overcoming a presidential veto to do so.

Question 155

Did the Number of hate crimes reported in Canada increase or decrease in 2018 to 2017? Is it similar to the us's findings?

Answer 155

> slightly decreased in 2018 from 2017, but still the highest number since 2009. > In Canada, the latest Statistics Canada data show similar findings to the US.

Question 156

What is the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?

Answer 156

> founded in 1866, its main purpose being to fight Reconstruction efforts.

Question 157

What is a peculiar element of lynching?

Answer 157

> Another peculiar element of lynchings was the often carnival-like atmosphere, frequently accompanied murders. > Hundreds, if not thousands, of spectators, often including children, came out to watch and even participate in lynchings. > Spectators sometimes came from miles around to join in the festivities, and the crowd would often pose for photographs with the bodies of the victims, and these pictures would sometimes even be turned into postcards.

Question 158

What kind of manifestations were lynching?

Answer 158

> lynchings remained potent manifestations of collective violence perpetrated outside of the boundaries of official governmental authority.

Question 159

while ritualistic lynchings by hanging and burning have faded, hate-motivated killings remain what?

Answer 159

> remain an ever-present part of all societies.

Question 160

What is the primary purpose of lynchings?

Answer 160

> The primary purpose of lynchings is not to seek some form of popular justice but to instill a climate of terror in marginalized populations.

Question 161

What is Anti-Semitism?

Answer 161

> refers to derogatory speech and action targeted against Jews and relies on very old images and prejudices.

Question 162

What does anti-semitism represent?

Answer 162

> Anti-Semitism represents the most pervasive form of religious-based hate crime.

Question 163

While the majority of the anti-Semitism tracked by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) occurred in public places, a surprisingly high amount occurred in what places?

Answer 163

> occurred in K-12 schools and college campuses, which one would think would be largely resistant to such kinds of intolerance.

Question 164

What does being familiar with stereotypes associated with the Jews cause?

Answer 164

> this means that when times get tough or tragedies happen, these old ideas are easily resurrected to explain what happened and why.

Question 165

empirical evidence shows that immigration has had what effect on the crime rates?

Answer 165

> has had no effect on crime in rural communities between 1990 and 2010 and that during the same time period immigration was actually linked with lower crime rates. Immigrants had lower crime rates than native born citizens.

Question 166

a new study by the Pew Research Center found that between 2007 and 2016, violent crime has been what?

Answer 166

> slightly decreased across areas regardless of whether the number of undocumented immigrants rose of fell in these same areas.

Question 167

What is Xenophobia?

Answer 167

> The tendency to have contempt for foreigners or other strangers, which is particularly likely in times of economic hardship, when resources are scarce. 

Question 168

researchers have found that groups tend to develop much more reactive and punitive attitudes during what times?

Answer 168

> during uncertain economic times, periods of high crime rates, and eras of social and cultural change. > Uncertainty and fear, in other words, tend to breed and strengthen hostility and anger against those defined as being dangerous, threatening, or different. - these conditions are when we see increases in this type of fear/crime

Question 169

although, hate crimes may not be directly linked to economic needs like many robberies, tougher economic times do increase the likelihood of what?

Answer 169

> increase the likelihood of hate crimes and other forms of violence. - xenophobia is based off of this idea.

Question 170

Are stereotypes enduring?

Answer 170

> problem with the kind of stereotypes and prejudices that lead to hate crimes is that they are remarkably enduring. In many ways they are like a forest fire that, after the flames have been doused, continues to smolder underground for a long time.

Question 171

What kind fight intolerance and hatred of stereotypes? What should be noted though?

Answer 171

> Education, legal changes, and tolerance training can all be used to combat intolerance and hatred so that it goes underground. > to be noted: given the right economic, social, and political conditions, those old prejudices can quickly be resurrected.

Question 172

What are the reasons for the persistence of stereotypes?

Answer 172

1. Deep-seated instinct among groups to distinguish between who is and who is not included. The tendency to separate ourselves into in-groups and out-groups is very strong. 2. The elements responsible for socialization including family, school, religious organizations, and society as a whole, each play a role in creating hate. 3.Everyday acts of prejudice and bigotry are also related to acts of hate-motivated violence.

Question 173

Is mob violence unique to the past?

Answer 173

> mob violence is not only from the distant past. A relatively common occurrence within most societies throughout history. > in the past: - Ancient Greek - so often – Euripides: “mobs in their emotions are much like children, subject to the same tantrums and fits of fury.” - Rome - so many riots - emperors - games to keep mobs happy

Question 174

Humans are social creatures: who need to live and work within groups- but what is frightening about groups?

Answer 174

> there is something fundamentally frightening about large groups of people engaging in what we perceive as mindless and excessive brutality. > We need to trust and rely on our friends, neighbors, and fellow citizens; we want to feel safe. Mob violence, however, calls into question our security within these same groups.

Question 175

Three of the most well-known forms of mob violence are what? What should be noted about these forms of collective behaviour?

Answer 175

> are riots, lynch mobs, and vigilante groups. > All these are forms of collective behavior that are relatively spontaneous and unplanned, and the groups are relatively unorganized.

Question 176

What is a crowd?

Answer 176

> A crowd is nothing more than a collection of individuals who may or may not share a common purpose, for example, a group waiting in line for a bus, standing in line at a store, or listening to a concert. > Crowds are usually transitory (temporary) in nature and do not usually act in a unified and singular manner.

Question 177

What is the continuum of mob violence from least organized to most organized?

Answer 177

1) Riots - least planned and most spontaneous. 2) Lynch mobs 3) Vigilante groups - most planned and least spontaneous

Question 178

What is the word mob come from?

Answer 178

> comes from the Latin mobile vulgus, “the movable common people” -fickleness or inconstancy of crowd

Question 179

Some people may come to participate in riots and other group behavior simply because of what reasoning?

Answer 179

> they are bored and see in the collective action a break from routine, and a sense of excitement and novelty.

Question 180

What is Sid Heal's eight specific psychological factors that lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behaviour -facilitate individual participation in mob violence:

Answer 180

> Novelty > Suggestibility > Release > Stimulation > Justification > Conformity > Power > Deindividuation

Question 181

What are the typologies of crows/mobs

Answer 181

1) Casual crowd 2) Cohesive crowd 3) Expressive crowd 4) Aggressive crowd 5) Aggressive mob 6) Expressive mob 7) Acquisitive mob 8) Escape mob

Question 182

What is Sid Heal's release factor?

Answer 182

> Even though an individual may not be very concerned with a specific grievance or cause, they may participate because they find in the violence and aggression a release for a more generalized hostility, anger, and/or frustration.

Question 183

What is Sid Heal's power factor?

Answer 183

> Mobs feel empowered by the violence and destructiveness they unleash. > Participating in large-scale violence can confer upon somebody intoxicating feelings of control, domination, and supremacy.

Question 184

What is Sid Heal's Justification factor?

Answer 184

> The sense of power engendered in group destruction can also lead to feelings of righteousness and legitimacy.

Question 185

What is Sid Heal's Suggestibility factor?

Answer 185

> Many individuals in a mob may not be fully aware of what is going on or why, and so may be open to the answers provided by others who may appear to better know or understand the situation.

Question 186

What is Sid Heal's Stimulation factor?

Answer 186

> The emotions and sentiments of crowds can be infectious and individuals caught up in the group can easily find their own emotions aroused and stimulated.

Question 187

What is Sid Heal's conformity factor?

Answer 187

> Not only do individuals have a natural tendency to conform to the demands of a group, rioting mobs also have a tendency to attack and victimize those who resist or don’t conform, which tends to increase the pressures toward going along with the mob.

Question 188

What is Sid Heal's Deindividuation factor?

Answer 188

> In groups, individual identity tends to be diffused into the larger collective identity. When combined with feelings of anonymity, participants may feel released from normal constraints on their behavior.

Question 189

Why do people often behave differently in crowds than they do when they are on their own? (Describe Solon's interpretation of Athenians and Playwright's interpretation of Aristophanes)

Answer 189

* Solon, - Athenians were clever as foxes when minding their own affairs, but as soon as they congregated, they lost their wits. * Playwright Aristophanes - fellow Athenians - reasonable old men at home and fools at assemblies.

Question 190

when in a group, individuals often lose what?

Answer 190

> Meaning when in a group, individuals often lose their sense of self, and are driven by the movement of the majority, rather than what they truly believe is the correct course of action or their own views/intellect/morals.

Question 191

What is Le Bon's Collective behavior theory

Answer 191

> argued that the crowd, develops a mind of its own, and individuals become highly vulnerable and suggestible to the will of the collective group.

Question 192

What did Le Bon believe about crowd behaviour?

Answer 192

> in Le Bon’s view, crowd behavior is essentially contagious, so if one person gets excited, angry, or violent, others will quickly follow because of the emotion elicited (anger, fear etc.). > Easily swayed by the mood and behavior of the group, because at an unconscious level we are programmed to do so. > Individual conscious personality disappears, replaced by the ‘collective mind’ that Le Bon’s suggested is credulous, impulsive, emotional, without moral responsibility, less intelligent than an individual’s mind, and blindly obedient to charismatic leaders who “hypnotize” and mobilize a crowd into action.

Question 193

What is the Criticism of Le Bon’s and Blumer’s work?

Answer 193

> They simplified the actions of the mob and focused exclusively on the emotional and irrational elements of crowd behavior while downplaying the more instrumental aspects of the violence

Question 194

Federal Criminal Code (US)- riots as public disturbance involving:

Answer 194

* An act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which constitutes a clear present danger of damage or injury * Threats of the commission of an act of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having the ability to execute such threats

Question 195

How do fears affect crowds?

Answer 195

* Riots target anybody and anything - wrong place at the wrong time. * In these situations, no one is safe. * Seemingly rational and reasonable people - act irrationally and unreasonably.

Question 196

What is the Crime-control approach?

Answer 196

> This model argues that the goal of any CJ (criminal justice) agents (police, courts and corrections) should be the elimination of crime and deviance.

Question 197

What is the Social group-control approach?

Answer 197

> This model argues that the goal is to control members of a population by maintaining their position within the lower levels of class structure (SES socio economic status).  > Maintaining the status quo/statu quo (maintaining the current state of affairs – usually social and political structure and/or values) > A violent example of this is lynch mobs.

Question 198

What is Crime-control vigilantism?

Answer 198

> This type of vigilantism is often associated with this form of collective violence—targeted as it is with the elimination of crime.

Question 199

What is Social group–control vigilantism?

Answer 199

> This type of vigilantism describes groups whose goal is to keep some population group in their place, usually within the lower levels of class structure. This is the kind most closely akin to lynch mobs.

Question 200

What is Regime-control vigilantism?

Answer 200

> This type of vigilantism concerns groups that engage in violence in an effort to control the government if it strays from an acceptable course of action and policy. > Typically composed of middle- and upper-class elites who want to protect their prerogatives, this type of vigilante group defines its role as keeping the regime in check.

Question 201

What is a specific example of a vigilante group?

Answer 201

> This is a group founded in 1979 in the Bronx, New York and is still active in a number of communities. Identified by their red berets, its members patrol the subways, streets, and neighborhoods in order to prevent crime and have sometimes been labeled vigilantes by police. > Nevertheless, new Guardian Angels chapters continue to thrive and operate in many communities in the United States and around the world.

Question 202

Overall, what is a vigilante group? What two components need to be noted about this kind of group?

Answer 202

* Organized extralegal movement - participants take the law into their own hands * Protect status quo * Their own brand of law and justice to outlaws threatening established social order * Efforts made to establish law in lawless setting (New Frontier) * Not same as lynching, - get around established law

Question 203

DEFINING TERRORISM IS DIFFICULT TO DEFINE FOR SEVERAL REASONS:

Answer 203

* VARIED BEHAVIOR MOTIVATED BY VARIOUS AGENDAS * CONTINUOUSLY EVOLVING PHENOMENON * DEFINITION DEPENDS ON PERSPECTIVE

Question 204

What is the first common theme for terrorism?

Answer 204

> TERRORISM IS A VIOLENT ACTIVITY. > It is about destruction and harm, whether of people or property or both. > Terrorists have chosen violence as the preferred method of accomplishing their goals. > While various social, political, economic, and cultural avenues are available to help bring about change, terrorists instead have chosen violence

Question 205

What is the second theme of terrorism?

Answer 205

> violence used is instrumental, in that it is a ‘means to an end’. > there is purpose and reason to it. > In this sense, at least, it is ‘rational’ in that it is an attempt to carry out some ‘goal’.  (deliberate) > This ‘goal’ of course can be to inflict suffering, torture and loss on other human beings. > Terrorists engage in extreme acts of violence because they perceive it will help them achieve some goal.

Question 206

What is the third theme of terrorism?

Answer 206

> TERRORISM USUALLY TARGETS DEFENSELESS VICTIMS. > CIVILIAN AND NONCOMBATANT TARGETS ARE THE MOST COMMON VICTIMS. * ‘SOFT TARGETS’. * STATUS AS INNOCENTS HEIGHTENS DRAMATIC IMPACT OF THE VIOLENCE

Question 207

What are soft targets?

Answer 207

> ‘Soft Targets’ are innocents - child, women, unarmed men.  They are targeted because their vulnerability heightens the level of ‘terror’ the attacks implement.  It lends to the idea that ‘no where is safe’.  Which is one goal of terrorists.

Question 208

Breakdown the TERRORIST ATTACKS BY TYPE OF TARGET in 2014:

Answer 208

1) Private Citizens & property 47% 2) Police 19% 3) Other 11% - 4) Military 8% 5) Police 18% 6) Business 6% 7) Government 6% 8) Religous

Question 209

What is the purpose of terrorism?

Answer 209

> This is important because terrorist groups want to create a climate of fear within a society. > The indiscriminate nature of the attacks coupled with civilian targets exacerbates fear and a sense of helplessness because the next attack is unpredictable. - those that are frightened are easier to control - projecting stregnth is not based on actual capabilities

Question 210

Is terrorism systematic?

Answer 210

> An isolated event, though terrifying, is not necessarily considered terrorism. Instead, terrorism is a recurring phenomenon. > Political scientists suggest that the first World Trade Center attack was an act of terrorism because it was perpetrated by individuals who have since perpetrated other attacks against the United States.

Question 211

What is State-perpetrated terrorism?

Answer 211

> Governments engage in terrorism in order to suppress dissent, quash a social or political movement, or intimidate a population. > This is sometimes termed authorized terror, repressive terror, or even enforcement terror.

Question 212

Overlap between goals and methods of TERRORISM AND GUERILLA WARFARE?

Answer 212

1.Even though the words are sometimes used synonymously in the media, terrorism and guerrilla warfare are not the same thing, even though there may be some overlap between their goals and methods. 2.The term guerrilla literally means “little war”. 3.Guerrilla forces sometimes use terror tactics in their military campaigns, and terrorist groups may organize into military-style units and take land. 4.Government forces also may resort to repressive terrorism to deprive guerrilla forces of support.

Question 213

Guerrilla war—which is also sometimes called low-intensity warfare or insurgency warfare—is usually different from terrorism because it involves what ?

Answer 213

> it involves larger, military-style forces that tend to attack the military forces of their enemy and often seek to hold and control territory.

Question 214

What is GUERRILLA warfare?

Answer 214

* LOW INTENSITY WARFARE * INSURGENCY WARFARE

Question 215

TERRORISM AND GUERILLA WARFARE - what are some more differences?

Answer 215

* TERRORIST GROUPS TEND TO BE SMALLER * USE TERROR TACTICS IN THEIR MILITARY CAMPAIGNS. * TERRORIST GROUPS MAY ORGANIZE IN MILITARY STYLE UNITS.

Question 216

HOW FREQUENT ARE TERRORIST ACTS?

Answer 216

> Here, we see a large decrease in the amount of terrorist acts in the West (here the United States shown) over a decade period.  > Do keep in mind generally speaking, that we saw decreases in almost all types of crime after the mid-1990’s. - highest in 1995. > Decreases in all type of violence at this time so it is not suprising that there was a decrease in terrorism as well

Question 217

IS THERE A TYPICAL PROFILE OF SOMEONE WHO BECOMES A TERRORIST?

Answer 217

> Research indicates that the majority of terrorists do not suffer from psychological problems. > Some believe, for example, that terrorists suffer from a narcissistic personality disorder that renders them somewhat sociopathic, arrogant, and without care or concern for others. > Other researchers have borrowed from Erikson’s ideas about the ways in which individual identity is created and suggest that terrorists adopt a negative identity. Because of disappointments and rejection, these individuals come to embrace destructive forces as a way to express their anger and frustration.

Question 218

What are Factors involved in terrorism?

Answer 218

> To better understand terrorism, we have to take into account psychological, social, political, religious, and cultural factors.

Question 219

We find that many rank-and-file members join for a mix of reasons, such as:

Answer 219

1.The most common element involves belief. 2.Participation in terrorist activity, may be seen as an expression of faith by some, who are also able to materially benefit their families. 3.The desire for adventure and the prestige and status of belonging to a violent group are significant factors.

Question 220

Can people become enticed by terrorism?

Answer 220

> Young men and women who grow up in these communities where terrorists are celebrated and become heroes may be enticed by the idea of participating in terrorism. > Additionally, for many young people who feel powerless in their own lives, membership in a terrorist organization can provide a sense of power and mastery

Question 221

Do terrorists come from improvised backgrounds?

Answer 221

> Many of the lower-level rank-and-file young people who are vulnerable to the allure of terrorist groups do. Structural disadvantage and poverty increase feelings of oppression, despair, and hopelessness.

Question 222

What is a suicide bomber?

Answer 222

> specific kind of bombing attack that has received a great deal of attention in recent years is the suicide bombing. > A suicide bomber is a terrorist who carries out an attack understanding that he or she will be killed in the explosion. > Although suicide bombings generally represent less than 5% of all terrorist attacks, these attacks generally account for nearly half of all fatalities.

Question 223

Are suicide bombers a new phenomenon?

Answer 223

> Throughout history, men and women have been willing to sacrifice their lives in the service of a cause or their faith. By sacrificing their lives, they hoped to make the cost of victory so expensive in lives.

Question 224

What is the the most common type of method of attack by terrorists?

Answer 224

1) Bombing/explosion 8802 2) Armed assault 4435 3) Assassination 1403 + kidnapping/hostage taking 1403 as well 4) Facility/infastructure 984 5) Unknown 817 6) Other 188 7) Hijacking 48 8) Unarmed assault 47

Question 225

What are the key recommendations of the UN:

Answer 225

1.Address the conditions that are conducive to the spread of terrorism, such as dehumanization of the victims of terrorism; violations of human rights; ethnic, national, and religious discrimination; political exclusion; and socioeconomic marginalization. 2.A related strategy includes ensuring the promotion and protection of the human rights of all people, “recognizing that effective counter-terrorism measures and the protection of human rights are not conflicting goals.” 3.The other strategies include: > a.Drafting legislation making it illegal to fund terrorist organizations. > b.Increasing communication across member states about terrorist activities. > c.Ensuring the apprehension and prosecution of perpetrators of terrorist acts. > d.Encouraging strategies include efforts to prevent and combat terrorism, which include many recommendations to member states, including cooperation to improve border and customs controls, among other things.

Question 226

The mission of DHS (in the U.S.) includes:

Answer 226

> preventing terrorism and enhancing security, managing US borders, administering immigration laws, securing cyberspace, and ensuring disaster resilience.

Question 227

Are we winning the war on terror?

Answer 227

> Scholars and policy analysts who study the issue appear to agree that terrorism in all its current forms will not disappear anytime soon. > Many also agree that the first strategy of ensuring the human rights of all people across the globe, as detailed by the UN, would likely be the most effective strategy in defeating terrorism.

Question 228

What is the most lethal form of collective political violence?

Answer 228

> Genocide

Question 229

Who coined the term genocide and why did they invent the term?

Answer 229

> Coined by Raphael Lemkin > He did not believe that other preexisting terms, such as mass murder or massacre, fully captured what the Nazis were doing.

Question 230

What is the origin of the word genocide? As a result, what does that mean?

Answer 230

> Greek genos, which means race or tribe, and the Latin cide, which translates as killing. > The term genocide therefore refers to the killing of a race or tribe.

Question 231

Why is defining genocide so difficult?

Answer 231

 Misuse of the word  There is often an overlap between genocide and Human rights violations and war crimes  Selective application of the term  Vague terminology (in whole or part)  Variation (in intent, scale, method, and context).

Question 232

Is genocide a form of destructive violence?

Answer 232

> Worst possible type of destructive violence

Question 233

How is genocide a powerful and symbolic word?

Answer 233

> a powerful and symbolic word that people have come to rely on it when trying to strongly condemn or call attention to some situation or policy.

Question 234

Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between genocide and related types of crimes, such as human rights violations and other war crimes: provide 2 reasons for this difficulty:

Answer 234

1.Genocide, for example, typically happens during the middle of an armed conflict, such as a civil war, and it is sometimes hard to distinguish between massacres that are considered war crimes and others that might better be understood as genocide. 2.Torture and medical experimentation, for example, are specifically listed as war crimes, yet during the Holocaust various kinds of experiments were performed on unwilling victims, the same victims who were sent en masse to be killed in gas chambers.

Question 235

How is the term genocide used differently and applied selectively

Answer 235

> Politicians, social commentators, and even scholars use the term differently and apply the definition selectively, depending on the nature and politics of the situation.

Question 236

When did the general assembly of the United Nations approved the Genocide Convention? What did this do?

Answer 236

> On April 9, 1948 > which defined genocide as a crime under international law.

Question 237

What is the UN definition for genocide?

Answer 237

> Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group: > Killing members of the group > Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group > Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part > Imposing measures to prevent births within the group > Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group

Question 238

What are some common Characteristics of Genocide?

Answer 238

> perpetrated by the state > Planned, > systematic > ongoing attempts > victims are chosen because of their identity

Question 239

How is vulnerability a factor in genocide?

Answer 239

 Eliminates a real or imagined threat  Spreads terror among enemies  Acquires economic wealth  Implement belief, theory, or ideology

Question 240

What was the deadliest genocide?

Answer 240

> Even though there have been more than 40 examples of genocide since 1945, it is the Holocaust that remains the preeminent example of genocide. Building on a long history of anti-Semitism in Europe, the Nazis and their supporters had long scapegoated the Jews for many of Germany’s problems.

Question 241

What two groups in Rwanda have commit genocide?

Answer 241

> Tutsi and the Hutu: A former Belgian colony and one of the most densely populated nations of Africa, Rwanda is home to two major ethnic groups: the Tutsi and the Hutu.

Question 242

What is Stalin's terror

Answer 242

> Stalin’s Great Terror wracked the Soviet Union in the 1930s and which resulted in the death of around 20 million people, the extermination of various Indigenous peoples in Central and South America, and Bosnia’s experience with ethnic cleansing after Yugoslavia fell apart at the end of the cold war.

Question 243

What are developmental genocides? What group does this happen to most?

Answer 243

> are those in which the targeted groups are seen as an impediment to the colonization and/or exploitation of a given geographic area. > This happens most often against indigenous peoples who may be perceived as being in the way of progress.

Question 244

What is a Despotic genocides?

Answer 244

> on the other hand, involve situations in which a government uses genocide as a weapon against rivals for political power. > This kind of genocide may often be found in revolutionary situations where a new group has achieved power and works to eliminate any opposition to its authoritarian rule.

Question 245

What is an Ideological genocide?

Answer 245

> in contrast, refers to the attempted destruction of a population because of a belief system. > At some level, all genocides are ideological > the perfect and unattainable society.

Question 246

What is a Retributive genocides? What genocide is the most reflective of this?

Answer 246

> The last category of Helen Fein’s typology concerns retributive genocides. > These are genocides perpetrated by one group against another in a struggle for political and social power. > In contrast to despotic genocide, where power has already been taken and the enemies are often imaginary, this particular class of genocide concerns an ongoing struggle. > The Rwandan genocide is illustrative of this type.

Question 247

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in South West Africa: - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 247

> German military (perps) > Hereros (victims) > 60,000 death count

Question 248

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Turkey - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 248

> 1915–1923 > Turkish military and police (perps) > Armenians (victims) > 1 million - death count

Question 249

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in the soviet union - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 249

> 1932–1933 > Soviet police (perps) > Ukrainians (victims) > 3–7 million - death count

Question 250

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Nazi-occupied Europe - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 250

> 1941–1945 > Nazis and collaborators (perps) > Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, homosexuals (vics) > 21 million - death count

Question 251

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Indonesia - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 251

> 1965–1966 > Indonesian military and police (perps) > Indonesian Communists (vics) > 500,000 - death count

Question 252

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Guatemala - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 252

> 1968–1993 > Guatemalan military and police (perps) > Mayans (vics) > 200,000 - death count

Question 253

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Bangladesh - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 253

> 1971 > Pakistani military (perps) > Bengalis (vics) > 1–3 million - death count

Question 254

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Burundi - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 254

> 1972 > Tutsi military, police, and paramilitaries (perps) > Hutu (Vics) >100,000–150,000 - death count

Question 255

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in East Timor - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 255

> 1975–1999 > Indonesian military (perps) > East Timorese (vics) > 200,000 - death count

Question 256

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Cambodia - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 256

> 1975–1979 > Khmer Rouge (perps) > Ethnic Chinese, Ethnic Vietnamese, Ethnic Chams, Buddhist Monks, Educated Classes > 1–2 million - death count

Question 257

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Iraq - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 257

> 1988 > Iraqi military (perps) > Kurds (vics) > 500,000–100,000 - death count

Question 258

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Bosnia - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 258

> 1992–1995 > Bosnian Serbs (perps) > Bosnian Muslims (vics) > 250,000 - death count.

Question 259

What was the following information for the genocide that took place in Rwanda - the year - who the perps were - who the victims were - and the death count

Answer 259

> 1994 > Hutu military, police, and paramilitaries (perps) > Tutsis (vics) > 800,000 - death count

Question 260

What are Four Motivators for Genocide?

Answer 260

 Developmental: impediment to colonization and/or exploitation of area  Despotic: government - genocide as a weapon against political rivals  Ideological: attempted destruction of population because of belief system  Retributive: war against another - for political and social power

Question 261

List the typologies for genocides from most lethal to the most permissive:

Answer 261

1) Genocidal Society 2) Deportation or Incarceration Society 3) Torture Society 4) Harassment Society 5) Traditional Shame Society 6) Guilt Society 7) Tolerant Society 8) Permissive Society

Question 262

What are almost exclusively all genocides perpetrated by?

Answer 262

> Perpetrated almost exclusively by totalitarian states

Question 263

What are some political leaders that are considered mega murderers? What is their leadership based on?

Answer 263

 Stalin’s Soviet Union  Mao’s China  Hitler’s Germany > The Government leadership is based on fear and coercion of its citizens.

Question 264

What enables genocide? What does this factor create?

Answer 264

> War > it creates a universe of obligation, heightened feelings of marginalization

Question 265

What is a controversial term associated with genocide?

Answer 265

> “Banality of evil” means essentially (“motivated by a sort of stupidity which was wholly unexceptional”)

Question 266

What are the 9 primary motivations for participations in genocide?

Answer 266

 Ideological  Bigoted  Violent  Fearful  Careerist  Materialist  Disciplined  Comradely  Bureaucratic

Question 267

Why are victims selected in genocide?

Answer 267

> Selected for extermination - fall into stigmatized category > Relatively powerless – political, social marginalization  minority groups > have long histories of persecution, stigma

Question 268

What is one reason that people don't stand up to genocide

Answer 268

> built-in predisposition to defer to authority figures, and the government is one of the most powerful of authority figures. > When a regime tells a population that a certain group represents a threat and that segregating and/or killing its members is necessary, many people are predisposed to believe it, since it is their government that is communicating this message.

Question 269

What is another reason that people don't stand up to genocide?

Answer 269

> most people believe that there is nothing that can be done, that they are too powerless to prevent and/or stop the violence. > These feelings of helplessness are often combined with large amounts of fear. > Resisting or questioning the genocidal policies of a government intent on mass murder can carry serious risks of being ostracized and imprisoned at best and physical harm and death at worst.

Question 270

How do international communities react to genocide?

Answer 270

> A Bystander: We also need to recognize that the international community often acts as a bystander to genocide as well. > Recent examples of genocides have been perpetrated with the full knowledge of the world community. > Governments may plead ignorance, but they usually know full well what is happening and for various reasons are either unwilling or unable to prevent the killing or intervene effectively.

Question 271

What is the Importance of international law when talking about genocide?

Answer 271

> the role of international law in combating genocide and holding those who perpetrate it accountable.

Question 272

Growing power of international human rights law has reflected what?

Answer 272

> this increase is reflected in the establishment of international legal venues where perpetrators can be held accountable. > These courts reflect an attempt to address genocide and other mass atrocity crimes through legal measures within the international community.

Question 273

Are there limitations on genocide or war crimes?

Answer 273

> there is no statute of limitations on genocide or war crimes, so indicted individuals may be arrested years after the offenses took place.

Question 274

Is there a cure for violence?

Answer 274

> No “silver bullet” or “cure” for violence.

Question 275

Combined, murder, rape, assault, and robbery cost the US what annually? How about for Canadians?

Answer 275

> over $42 billion US annually in medical expenses, law enforcement, courts, and correctional facility expenses and lost earnings. > – $13 billion a year for Canadians (2014) > $137 dollars - every American

Question 276

Aside from the financial costs, what does violence cost to people and what are these costs?

Answer 276

> Pain, suffering, and loss of life quality > This doesn’t include intangibles, such as pain, suffering, and a loss of life quality.

Question 277

What can we do about violence?

Answer 277

> We as individuals and as communities can rethink our responses to the enduring problem of violence.

Question 278

1) What percentage of people fear becoming a victim when they are traveling? 2) What percentage of people fear being attacked when they are out alone at night? 3) What percentage of people fear violence even when they are at home? 4) As a result, what do people do out of fear of violence?

Answer 278

- 72% - fear becoming a victim when traveling. – 61% fear being attacked when out alone at night – 60% fear even at home. – Less social, communal – don’t see safe, just place.

Question 279

When is policy enacted for violence?

Answer 279

> policy is only enacted when a causal effect on outcome is determined, usually conducted via an RCT.

Question 280

Criminal Justice Response to Violence - how many programs are there?

Answer 280

> 222 programs - violence prevention > 54 programs - proven effective > Majority of the programs are not directly related to violence prevention instead they focus on factors related to violence such as substance abuse

Question 281

Problem-solving or problem-oriented policing (also known as ‘POP’) generally focuses efforts on what?

Answer 281

> law enforcement efforts on proactively solving “problems” related to crime rather than reactively responding to calls for service after a crime has already occurred.

Question 282

What is the gold of POP?

Answer 282

> The goal of such an orientation for law enforcement agencies (generally the police) is to identify and resolve underlying problems related to crime.

Question 283

What does the SARA acronym stand for?

Answer 283

– Scanning, police identifying, prioritizing problems - may be causing crime, disorder. – Analysis, policy analyzing problem - appropriate responses. – Response, police implement interventions to solve problem(s). – Assessment, whether intervention worked.

Question 284

What is the SARA model used for?

Answer 284

>  ‘SARA’ is a method of analysis for police.  It is essentially a step-by-step process to dealing with crime, including violent crime in society.

Question 285

What models/programs are not useful for reducing violence?

Answer 285

> Deterrence models (for example: longer, harsher prison sentences, even the death penalty) and continued criminal justice interventions are not effective at reducing violence.

Question 286

In 2014, how many people were under local correctional supervision in the US? How many facilities have been developed as a result?

Answer 286

> 2014, 6,851,000 people under federal, state, and local correctional supervision in US. > 15,000 in Federal facilities (2013) increased 75% in last decade

Question 287

What are half of the inmates in state prison serving time for? Overall, why is reentry into society so difficult for inmates?

Answer 287

– State prisons - half of inmates serving time for violent crime. – Extremely difficult - released from prison with a criminal record

Question 288

What kind of sentence caused overcrowding?

Answer 288

> – Mandatory minimum sentencing (MMS) - caused prison overcrowding.

Question 289

What re-entry program only had modest effects on recidivism?

Answer 289

> – SVORI - reentry programs - only modest effects on recidivism

Question 290

– Public health approach differs from criminal justice - how so ?

Answer 290

– Examines factors related to violence – Epidemiological approach - causes

Question 291

What are the Fundamentals of a Public Health Approach?

Answer 291

1. Rely on community-based methods to identify root causes and sources of the problem. 2. Generate data to identify patterns of risk and protective factors. 3. Identify and monitor trends in the frequency and nature of risk factors. 4. Implement multilevel community interventions grounded in empirical data designed to reduce or eliminate risk factors or strengthen protective factors. 5. Evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of intervention strategies, and revise tactics accordingly. 6. Educate the public about the problems and issues as well as what has been shown to be effective for intervention

Question 292

What are the steps to the Public Health Model of Violence Prevention?

Answer 292

1) define the problem 2) identify risk and protective factors 3) develop and test prevention strategies 4) Assure widespread adoption

Question 293

Fundamental Violence Prevention Measures - what are the levels?

Answer 293

> Primary prevention and population outreach – Reducing inequality – Decrease/eliminate violent images - media, entertainment > Secondary prevention – Identify high-risk youth – Example: after-school activities > Tertiary prevention – Intervene in lives of those already affected